Liberal Humanism:

Hypothesis: The English word ‘theory’ is gotten from a specialized term of theory in old Greek. It originates from the word ‘theria’ which implies ‘a looking craftsmanship, seeing or beholding’. In progressively specialized setting, it comes to allude to theoretical understandings of characteristic things. Pythagoras just because builds up the significance of ‘theory’. To him the word implies an enthusiastic, thoughtful examination of numerical and logical information. Then again Aristotle accepts that ‘theory’ is stood out from praxis or practice. For him both practice and hypothesis include thinking yet the points are different.Theoretical thought considers things which individuals can't move or change and which has no human point separated from itself. Actually, praxis includes thinking consistently with a mean to wanted activities whereby people cause change or development themselves for their own finishes. Hypothes is is really an intricate worldview in light of the fact that it consolidates various zones, for example, hypothesis of the writing, science, innovation, legislative issues, etc. It is normally however that hypothesis is the efficient record of the idea of any field and how this nature can be examined. Sequential DEVLOPMENT OF â€Å"THEORY†:One hypothesis brings forth another hypothesis. The development of basic hypothesis in the post-war period appears to contain a progression of ‘waves’ being related with a particular decade and all pointed against the liberal humanist accord. In 1960s, two new terms were showed up. â€Å"Marxist Criticism†, which had been spearheaded during the 1930s, reawakened during the 1960s and â€Å"psychoanalytic Criticism† came during the 1960s. In 1970s news spread in artistic basic circles in Britain and U. S. A. about specific â€Å"structuralism† and â€Å"post-structuralism†, the two of which began In F rance.In the mid 1980s two new structures political and authentic analysis developed â€Å"new historicism†. At long last, during the 1980s, a fabulous clarification appeared to be occurring there was a definitive float towards dispersal, diversity and exceptional intrigue types of analysis and hypothesis. Accordingly, post-expansionism dismisses the possibility of all around pertinent Marxist clarifications. In like manner post-innovation focuses on the divided idea of much contemporary experience. Women's liberation likewise gives indications of dissolving sexual orientation contemplates, with gay and lesbian writings rising as unmistakable fields of writing, and thus inferring and producing ppropriate and particular basic methodologies. LIBERAL HUMANISM: Liberal Humanism alludes to the possibility that we can comprehend or clarify our reality through sound enquiry. It rejects clarifications dependent on the heavenly or celestial powers. This thought turned into the reason for the advancement of science on the Western world. It’s a type of theory focused on the flawlessness of a common life, instead of on the groundwork for an unceasing and profound life. In theory and sociology, humanism alludes to a viewpoint that confirms some thought of a â€Å"human nature†.The word â€Å"humanist† gets from the fifteenth century Italian term umanista. The term ‘liberal humanism' indicates the decision suppositions, qualities and implications of the advanced age. It professes to be both characteristic and all inclusive. The regular element of liberal humanism is ‘freedom’. It isn't related with powerful things. Or maybe it accepts that our perception can be clarified by human examination and thought. The tenets of liberal humanism are: * To know obscure and to make uncreated * Having levelheaded staff * Being self ward * Superiority of people Absolute opportunity of human brain *Having the privilege and obligation to give s ignificance and shape to our lives. Rise OF LIBERAL HUMANISM: Liberal Humanism introduces objective enquiry and rejects the powerful or the domain of feelings. It was a reaction to the Dark Ages when individuals put stock in religion aimlessly. The hold of the Church was solid to such an extent that even the lord needed to bow down to its choices. Around then, individuals were informed that they should acknowledge their put in the request of religion. A while later, humanism accompanied a faith in the opportunity of individuals to control their own destinies.It created during the fourteenth and the start of the fifteenth hundreds of years, and was a reaction to the test of medieval academic training stressing down to earth, pre-proficient and logical examinations. Step by step, individuals began scrutinizing the lessons of the congregation. Martin Luther King demanded perusing the Bible instead of following the translations of the minister. He contended that we should follow religio n soundly. Numerous individuals began scrutinizing the inflexible ceremonial parts of religion as well. Indeed, even researchers like Galileo contend that one must peruse the book of nature.Such thoughts advance the development of science and strengthen the faith in perception and sound examination. It is in such a unique circumstance, that humanism rises. With this, we likewise observe a restoration in the investigation of Classical Greek and Roman writings. We see the rise of confidence in human instead of celestial. Thusly, liberal humanism has made human brain liberated from the current subjugation of religion in Middle age. PLATO (427-347): Plato is the organizer of theory in antiquated Greece KEY FACTS: *The material we see through our body and our faculties isn't this present reality however a defective duplicate of a perfect world. Works of art to replicate or speak to the recognizable material world. *Literature is significant and should be managed or administered in light of the fact that it powerfully affects its perusers. *The substance of writing is a higher priority than the structure it comes in. As per Plato’s theory, reason was the most elevated type of thought and the ideal methods for persuading social information. For Plato, reason is a procedure of legitimate conclusion. Stories, verse and dramatization claim to their audiences’ feeling more than to the reasonable minds.As craftsmanship stimulates feelings, it can never be valid. He said that reality must be caught through balanced idea, as exemplified in Mathematics. Plato and his supporters overlooked the way that we can see with our physical faculties. In this domain, things stay in their absolute best structure and never show signs of change. Their static condition makes them interminable and subsequently the quintessence of the considerable number of things that exist in our material world are just duplicates of the structure that exist in the perfect world. As they are duplicates, they are fundamentally less impeccable than the first forms.According to Plato, we can comprehend the universe of structures just through explanation and the procedure of sensible contention. Savants use rationale and motivation to find truth. On the other hand, specialists inspire feelings by making portrayals of the world. Plato thought about all expressions as illustrative. Workmanship makes image of the material noticeable world which Plato called â€Å"nature†. Be that as it may, ‘nature’ is itself just a generation, a duplicate of what exist in the ideal structure in the domain of the perfect. Along these lines, any craftsmanship that recreates nature is simply replicating from a duplicate. An artist’s work is constantly expelled from the universe of truth and perfect perfection.As their manifestations are duplicates of duplicates and these duplicates energize emotions as opposed to reason, Plato stressed that craftsmanship and craftsman may undermine social request, and the interminable facts. In book X of The republic, Plato focuses explicitly to writers and verse in notice that every single beautiful impersonation are ruinous to the comprehension of the listeners, except if as a cure they have the information on the genuine idea of the information. Plato stressed that workmanship, including abstract craftsmanship like verse and dramatization lie and impact their crowd in nonsensical ways.This instructional analysis contends that writing is a ground-breaking vehicle for stirring feelings, without fundamentally introducing any sound evaluation that it can introduce a steady threat to its crowd. Moral analysis centers around the substance of a work of writing, asking whether its impact is fortunate or unfortunate instead of paying feelings to its aesthetic or formal qualities. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Aristotle, one of the antiquated Greek logicians, is the ‘founding father’ of western idea. KEY FACTS: * Aristotle’s principle concern was in the structure and solidarity of a masterful work. Workmanship isn't double to the explanation and threatening to rationale and soundness. *Reality dwells in the alterable universe of sense recognitions or, the physical, material world. * ‘Form' of Ideal can just exist in unmistakable instances of that structure. Aristotle was less inspired by the substance of writing than in its structures. As indicated by Aristotle, craftsmanship isn't an impersonation or a generation of nature of the world we see with our faculties. So it's anything but a second rate multiplication or duplicate of nature rather it is a procedure of articulating the occasions of nature or paint which assists with improving or complete nature.For model, when a craftsman portrays a cherry tree or composes a sonnet about it, the individual in question doesn't simply duplicate the tree yet makes another adaptation of the tree through the procedure. With the assistance o f hues or words the craftsman re-makes it. Specialists are significant in light of the fact that workmanship forces request on a disarranged and tumultuous characteristic world. Writing especially forces a specific sort of account request on occasions. Thus there is a start, center and an end what is portrayed in words. Aristotle accepts that workmanship and writing total a procedure which the normal world leaves incomplete.Nature only displays us with occasions and tangible encounters while craftsmanship furnishes us with their significance. Hence workmanship and writing are a positive social power which is differentiating to Plato’s see. Aristotle’s expressions, making request and framework help to discover delight in the portrayal of a justifiable and important reality. The p

Critq. of 2 current medical dictionary's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critq. of 2 current clinical word reference's - Essay Example word reference contains the most recent of the clinical terms and the definitions gave are very straightforward even by layman as they are written in basic English and since many incorporate models, it turns out to be anything but difficult to relate the implications. The definitions are precise and furthermore incorporate elocution phonetics alongside particular/plural structures. Contractions have been given so as the definitions don't surpass over pages! Historical backgrounds or word sources of numerous words have been given too, the same number of the clinical terms have Latin inception, for additional comprehension and simplicity of retaining the word. For instance, on the off chance that we realize that â€Å"logy† implies study, and â€Å"cardio† implies relating to heart, at that point we can comprehend that cardiology is the investigation of the heart. Numerous terms additionally have certain announcements in shading, which carry consideration of the client to extraordinary contemplations that should be noted during training. This is particularly useful as they fill in as tips, and are here and there excluded from reading material. Furthermore, another area containing 100 most much of the time recommended drugs have been aggregated. A portion of the data is accessible in organized structure for better relationship and an orderly way to deal with specific terms. An incredible element of the hardcover release, the one that I audited is that it contains a segment containing different infections alongside their manifestations, determination and medications, which can come extremely convenient for clinical understudies. Another extraordinary point about this word reference is that it prints equivalent words for the different clinical terms, which are valuable for connecting different clinical issues. The supplement included data with respect to correlative and elective medication, prefixes/additions. There are in excess of 700 delineations an d 500 shading pictures, as indicated by Amazon, which has given this book a rating of four and a half stars! The delineations incorporate hued and marked graphs, pictures and diagrams, and are unquestionably educational and of amazing quality.

Possible Side Effects of Prozac in Kids

Possible Side Effects of Prozac in Kids Depression Treatment Medication Print Potential Prozac Side Effects in Children Side effects are often mild in children By Lauren DiMaria linkedin Lauren DiMaria is a member of the Society of Clinical Research Associates and childhood psychology expert. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren DiMaria Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Rebecca Nelson/Taxi/Getty Images More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Side Effects Suicidal Ideation Risk and Benefits View All Back To Top Prozac (fluoxetine) is the only approved antidepressant for children ages 8 and older. As such, it is a commonly prescribed medication for children and teens  with major depressive disorder  and sometimes bipolar disorder. Prozac is one of the most commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications for adults and it has been shown to be the most effective one for kids. While its not advised that Prozac is prescribed to every child, it can be part of a successful treatment plan for some individuals. Before your child begins taking Prozac, its important that you understand its potential side effects. Have a conversation with your childs doctor about these and be sure to monitor your childs behavior carefully if he does start taking it. Common Side Effects   Prozac is generally well-tolerated in children, and few stop taking it because of bothersome side effects. The side effects of Prozac are often mild and short-lasting. If they occur, side effects usually happen at the start of treatment and often resolve within a few weeks without any need for additional intervention. Common side effects may include: Gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, upset stomach, diarrhea)Sleep changes (e.g., insomnia, somnolence, vivid dreams, nightmares, impaired sleep)RestlessnessSweatingHeadachesRestless legsAppetite changes (increase or decrease)Sedation Less Common Side Effects   Additionally, a small percentage of children who take Prozac may show increased impulsivity, agitation, or irritability. These symptoms appear to be more likely in children with bipolar disorder, or those who are predisposed to develop it. Be sure to let your childs healthcare provider know if she has ever experienced a manic or hypomanic state, or if there is a family history of bipolar disorder. Serious Side Effects Although rare, Prozac is associated with certain more serious side effects. If you notice any of the following in your child, contact your healthcare provider immediately: New or worsening anxiety or depression symptomsSevere agitation or restlessnessUncontrollable anger or violencePanic attacks (e.g., difficulty breathing, racing heartbeat)Symptoms of mania (e.g., racing thoughts, pressured and fast speech, excessive risk-taking)Unusual changes in behavior or moodProblems with coordination Increased Thoughts of Suicide Another serious side effect that warrants special attention is the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior. The  FDA has issued a public warning that suicidal thoughts and behavior may increase in children and adolescents up to age 25 who are taking SSRI antidepressant medications. The risk is highest when the medication is first taken and whenever the dose is changed. Though its important for everyone to be aware of suicidal ideation and self-harm signs in youth, its even more imperative when children are taking an SSRI. Some of the warning signs include an increase in sadness, isolation, panic attacks, or aggressiveness. These may be subtle and lead to  thoughts about suicide or dying,  suicide attempts,  or self-injury. Weighing the Risks According to reviews reported by the National Institute of Mental Health, the benefits of antidepressants most likely outweigh the risks for children and adolescents with major depression and anxiety disorders. A study published in The Lancet went further and compared various antidepressants. The conclusion states that, while these medications do not seem to offer a clear advantage for treating a childs depression, Prozac is likely the best option. Like all medications, the decision to start treatment with an SSRI should carefully weigh the expected benefits and risksâ€"including potential side effectsâ€"of the drug. While many side effects may resolve with time, a child should not suffer unnecessarily  from additional complications. There are many  depression treatment options  that can help minimize the potential for these side effects. A Word From Verywell Generally, it is still preferred that children with depression only use antidepressants as a last resort and therapy remains the first treatment option.  Although most side effects of Prozac in children are usually mild and temporary, discuss all side effects, regardless of severity, with your childs clinician.  As a team, you can work together to figure out the best treatment.

To Kill A Mockingbird Truth Essay - 2116 Words

As Mahatma Gandhi said, â€Å"Morality is the basis of things and truth is the substance of morality.† Demonstrated every day in reality, and expressed in many works of art and literature, this maxim may best be shown in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. To Kill a Mockingbird is the multifaceted and passionate story about and narrated by young Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch as she grows up in 1930s Alabama, telling of the lessons she learns about prejudice, justice, and social rules. The narrative of her family, her neighbors, and society in general are seen through her eyes, and her own growth in response progresses throughout the book. The themes of To Kill a Mockingbird - of innocence, prejudice, morality, belief, and justice - each†¦show more content†¦Even direct evidence can’t change what they think of Arthur. It is easy to see how smoothly and quickly these rumors can be adopted as fact; there is only a short step to this â€Å"knowl edge† being passed on. When Scout first describes the situation regarding Arthur, she mentions that â€Å"Jem received most of his information from Stephanie Crawford, who said she knew the whole thing.† (11) This is one of many times in which Scout mentions Jem, her older brother, gathering this information. It is always framed this way, coming from an outside source, to subtly show the reader that it should not be accepted as fact. Yet, Scout rarely reiterates â€Å"Jem said that†; she accepts it as truth. The reason that Scout and Jem accept what they hear so quickly is that they are children; they have been taught to believe what they are told by adults and it is in their best interest to do so. Gullibility, which results from this, is a primary facet of innocence, and it is this innocence that allows the most absurd of lies to be carried on. Gossip and rumor - the ability to take a kernel of truth and grow it into any falsehood desired - is quite frequently seen throughout To Kill a Mockingbird. Since it is incredibly rare that the rumors are true, this theme contributes largely to the theme of truth in general, and its recurrence in the Maycomb community shows how important Harper Lee deems it. What plays an even more influential role inShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Truth In To Kill A Mockingbird1128 Words   |  5 Pageslearn in life, or teach your children, is that life is not castles in the skies, happily ever after. The biggest lesson we have to give our children is truth† (Safire 99). In Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch, a lawyer, emphasizes teaching his children the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. To Kill a Mockingbird exposes the reader to several situations in Maycomb County, Alabama, in the 1930s, and reveals Atticus’s beliefs concerning those situations. Atticus’sRead MoreMaycombs Unusual Disease1211 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Maycomb’s ‘Unusual’ Disease In the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, the residents seem to have all been infected by the same disease. Harper Lee, the author of the very famous novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, has used several ways of portraying this idea and is able to convince readers that her characters really do have some sort of ‘illness,’ an illness which affects people’s thoughts on how others should be treated. The novel highlights several issues including racism, childhood, injustice andRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagessociety think otherwise. In this essay I’ll be discussing the 5 books I’d save from the firemen if I was Guy Montag in Fahrenheit 451, and which of the 5 I’d choose to remember and â€Å"become†. The books I’d save would be Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Markus Zusak’s The Book Thief, Jandy Nelson’s I’ll Give You the Sun, the Bible’s book of Genesis, and Dave Canterburyâ⠂¬â„¢s Bushcraft 101: A Field Guide to the Art of Wilderness Survival. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is an unforgettable novel ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Angela s Ashes By Frank Mccourt Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pageslife for those who are poor. Go Set A Watchman by Harper Lee~ Pulitzer Prize winner -This book is the sequel of To Kill a Mockingbird, which follows 26 year old Jean Louise Finch (Scout), home from New York to visit her father, Atticus. While visiting Scout discovers troubling truths from her past. This book would be a good choice for me because, when I read To Kill A Mockingbird in eighth grade I fell in love with the story. The Sense of an Ending by Julian Barnes~ Man Booker Prize -This bookRead MoreAnalysis Of Kill A Mockingbird 843 Words   |  4 Pagesdrunk and one of them is that he wants people to leave him alone. One major theme from To Kill A Mockingbird is to not judge a person by his appearance. This theme refers to Tom Robinson, Boo Radley, and Raymond because they seem to be bad from a normal person perspective,but on the inside they’re good humans who try to live there life but can’t because the world has people who interfere with them. This essay will explain about how to character are criticized and judged but later show who they veryRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay About Racism795 Words   |  4 PagesBurrell Period 5 TKAM Essay 10/6/09 (Re-Write 10/24/09) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee depicts racism in the 1930’s and shows the characters had to overcome challenges because of it. The 1930’s was a difficult time to live in because of racism against African Americans and the depression, where thousands of people lost their jobs. The idea â€Å"an extraordinary challenge can sometimes make an ordinary person into a hero† shows that anyone in To Kill a Mockingbird could have been a hero,Read MoreA Silent Truth in To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee Essay1809 Words   |  8 Pagesmost likely the case with the stories that are based on the truth, but are not the whole truth. Stories that are based on the truth are not completely the truth in that the author adds small details to make the story more interesting. There are various assumptions that Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird is a story related to her own life. Similarities and differences are found between Lee’s life and Scout’s l ife in To Kill A Mockingbird. Harper Lee wrote about a little girl named Jean Louise FinchRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay-Emotional/Moral Courage1417 Words   |  6 PagesTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay-Emotional/Moral Courage Websters dictionary defines courage as mental or moral strength to venture, persevere, and withstand danger, fear, or difficulty. According to Atticus Finch, one of the main characters in To Kill A Mockingbird, Courage is when you know youre licked before you begin, but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. (Chapter 11, Page 124) No matter how you define it, Harper Lee definitely portrays the theme of mental courage inRead MorePersonality Review : Atticus Finch From Harper Lee s Kill A Mockingbird1265 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality Review Essay: Atticus Finch from Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird What do you think when you picture a good leader? Do you picture someone who possesses integrity, loyalty, and knowledge or someone who is strong, loud and powerful? Leaders can have many different qualities and still be successful, respected, and admired. There are some leaders who are in total control, they tell a group of people what to do and people follow orders. Others may be focused more on morals, they teachRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1165 Words   |  5 PagesPheng Lao Mr. Abbott English 9 15 December, 2015 To A Mockingbird Essay In the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, by harper lee, the setting is based on a little town, Maycomb, as scout grows up she sees the changes in her society, role of women, and courage. Scout learns more about the world as she grows up and she starts to see the discrimination between the blacks and the whites. Scout hears a lot about Boo Radley but never sees him. She knows how her society is bad from the day Tom

Emotional Intelligence The Mcgraw Hill / Irwin Website

Emotional intelligence; also referred to as EI or EQ, is defined as, â€Å"a skill in perceiving, understanding, and managing emotions and feelings† (n.d.). The way I express myself, interact with others, demonstrate emotions and deal with stress on a consistent basis may lead to a high EQ, or low EQ, depending on my actions. I was able to take a self-assessment on the McGraw-Hill/Irwin website that provided a score for my emotional intelligence with specific areas of strengths and weaknesses included. Overall, I scored 87 out of 100 possible points, which ranks my score considerably high. Based on my results, I faired well in regards to understanding and managing my emotions in all areas of my life. Understanding emotional intelligence, and achieving a high score in similar assessments, may lead to rewarding results in many facets of life’s daily tasks and interactions. A person, who has developed a high emotional intelligence, will keep their emotions under control, s trengthen relationships with those around them, and know their limitations. Keeping emotions under control is no easy task, but once strategies for managing emotions are learned and implemented, this area of EQ may prove to be valuable. There are various strategies and techniques available for one to learn how to develop a solid foundation for emotional intelligence. One possible recommendation that may effectively improve emotional intelligence is a coach. According to Chamoroo-Premuzic (2013), â€Å" research alsoShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Coca-Cola Is Everything†1204 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Coca-Cola Is Everything† March 2013 Abstract This paper will provide the answers to questions asked in week two assignment. The paper will explore concepts such as supply chain management, switching cost, and business intelligence and apply them to Coca-Cola’s internal collaboration efforts. Sources in the paper have cited the use of social media tools through Facebook and loyalty programs. Warden (2013) has called Coca-Cola king of social of media. This paper will compare Coca-Cola’s socialRead MoreMarketing Principles Summative Brand Analysis - Urban outfitters2106 Words   |  9 Pagesretail environment; and an engaging integrated marketing communications approach. As their mission statement affirms, the intrinsic approach to this entire strategy is the constant endeavour to â€Å"understand our customers and connect with them on an emotional level† in order to determine customer behaviour (URBN.com; Bulmer and Oliver, 2004; Kimmel, 2010). A number of facets in Urban Outfitter’s customer-inspired product range position the brand ahead of competitors in the eyes of the target consumerRead MoreCultural Norms, Fair Lovely, and Advertising.2119 Words   |  9 Pagesis the correct use of the marketing promotion. 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This will include a â€Å"web browser† – the basic software for accessing and reading content on websites, an e-mail client for composing and reading the messages on the vast number of news groups, affinity groups exchanging messages and information on particular topics, (Siringinidi, 2000).Consumers will normally be provided with dial-up access to theirRead MoreThe Effects of Benefits, Relationship with Supervisor, and Job Security on Job Satisfaction of the Csa at Lmn Company in Metro Manila15175 Words   |  61 PagesPositive mindset of the people signify their job satisfaction and whereas negative mindset of the people signify their job dissatisfaction (Armstrong, 2006). Job satisfaction is th e success of the employees that can be determined based on their intelligence, their skills, and their attitude and training. Also, the success of an individual in his/her job depends on how s/he deals with his/her co-workers. 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Questions On Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

7. 1-2-3: After carefully reading the article, identify and discuss briefly: 1 thing you learned, 2 things you want to know more about or are confused about, and 3 things you can apply in your work. From the Huffington Post online newspaper, an article was written by Anat Baniel addressing kids with Autism Spectrum disorders, the brain based research behind their actions and behaviors, and things teachers, parents, etc can do to help ASD children learn and understand the world around them. One thing I learned when reading this article is that the brain of a child with ASD is actually unable to perceive differences (signal to noise ratio) of information compared to a ‘normal’ child. Children with ASD find it challenging to organize actions and interact with their peers because of this perception difference. One of the things I would like to know more about is the perception activities that teachers can guide to help kids with ASD better understand information signals. I n this particular article, a five year old boy named Sammy was unable to stay dry the whole day. He would always end up wetting his pants at some point. Baniel thought that Sammy’s brain was not perceiving the difference of wet and dry well enough. She took two washcloths, one wet and the other dry, and began pressing them on Sammy’s body to help him learn the difference of the two. After that activity, Sammy never wet his pants again. He learned the difference between wet and dry and knew that staying dryShow MoreRelatedEarly Intervention is Crucial in Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder988 Words   |  4 Pageshas autism spectrum disorder† are words no parent wants to hear. They are words that will instill fear, worry, and sadness. When parents hear this for the first time, they will have many questions. â€Å"Is there anything I can do to help my child? If so, what can be done?† Early intervention services; such as applied behavior analysis therapy, occupational therapy, sensory integration therapy, and speech therapy before the age of three; can help improve the development of children with autism spectrumRead MoreLanguage Comprehension And Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder845 Words   |  4 Pagescomprehension in children with autism spectrum disorder. So, in order to build upon this profile, the purpose of this study was to differentiate between lexically and syntactically based difficulties in school age boys with autism spectrum disorder, alongside a subgroup of boys with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability in comparison to typically developing boys. By assessing the source of language comprehension impairment for children with autism spectrum disorder the article did notRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1492 Words   |  6 Pageslife there are several different disorders that have been well known from many years ago. There is one disorder that was diagnosed in the early 1800’s but it wasn’t until a few years ago that it gained lots of attention. What used to be known as Autism was later renamed in the DSM to Autism Spectrum Disorder meaning, a neurodevelopmental disorder rather than a pervasive developmental disorder (Gargiulo, 2015). Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder characterized by abnormal or impairedRead MoreMason was not unlike many children in that according to the most recent Center for Disease Control800 Words   |  4 PagesMason was not unlike many children in that according to the most recent Center for Disease Control (CDC) reports, one in every sixty-eight children is on the autism spectrum. This is a 30% increase from the findings reported two years ago of one in every eight-eight children. The current study also reports that the proportion of boys with autism (1 in 42) is significantly higher that girls (1 in 189) (10 Things to Know About New Autism Data. 2014). Changes in the DSM-V that incorporated AspergerRead MoreThe Neurodevelopmental Disorders ( Asd )1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe neurodevelopmental disorders, according to the DSM 5, are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is newly classified as such; it was once classified as â€Å"Asperger’s Syndrome.† ASD is a severe neurodevelopmental impairmentRead MoreAutism Spectrum1147 Words   |  5 Pagespertaining to autism is very broad and includes more than just autism itself. A child with an autistic disorder is hard to identify because autism is not easily seen. Autism is more of a mental and social disorder; it doesn’t really have anything to do with a physical outlook. The autism disorder doesn’t only deal with autism; th ere are five other primary disorders involved with autism. When screening a child for autism, they will find out if any other disorders should be diagnosed. Screening children forRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesof the most widely known abnormal disorders is Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism is a complicated disorder because it represents a wide range of developmental disorders categorized by criteria such as: impaired social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication breakdowns, and repetitive behaviors. Since Autism Spectrum Disorder is on a spectrum, as the name suggests, there are individuals with mild to little symptoms classified by Autism Spectrum Disorder and others who classify severely inRead MoreHow Children With Autism? Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesHow Children with Autism can be Supported in Education? Autism affects the individuals’ social interactions and the social construction of the world (National Autistic society, 2015). Children with Autism follow a different developmental pattern from other children and develop at the different rate. It could be understood as a social/psychological disability. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) – is a neurological condition that affects the way a person experiences and interacts with the world. ChildrenRead MoreThe Effects Of Autism On Children s Children1076 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 1010 Dr. Dugger 18 February 2016 Autistic Children Life can be troubling, confusing, aggravating, although it can also be delightful, happy, and relaxing. Knowing someone with autism can lead to more confusion, but a child that has autism can be even worse. Commonly people aren’t aware that their child is autistic or that someone around them is autistic. Classifying children as autistic is done correctly and incorrectly every day, because autism has just become recognized and isn’t commonly knownRead MoreBenefits Of Music Therapy On Children Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesBenefits of Music Therapy in Autistic children Benefits of Music Therapy in Autistic children Literature Review Zuleima Haskins â€Æ' Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of conditions of the brain development. (Vries, 2015). The main characteristic of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is that they have difficulties to adapt and interact with other people. Also, individuals with Autism have problems with their development of verbal and nonverbal communication

Properties of Engineering Materials free essay sample

Engineering materials Choice of materials for a machine element depends very much on its properties, cost, availability and such other factors. It is therefore important to have some idea of the common engineering materials and their properties before learning the details of design procedure. Common engineering materials are normally classified as metals and nonmetals. Metals may conveniently be divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Important ferrous metals for the present purpose are: (i) Cast iron (ii) wrought iron (iii) steel. Some of the important non-ferrous metals used in engineering design are: (a) Light metal group such as aluminum and its alloys, magnesium and Manganese alloys. (b) Copper based alloys such as brass (Cu-Zn), bronze (Cu-Sn). (c) White metal group such as nickel, silver, white bearing metals e. g. Selection criteria for engineering materials The selection of material, for engineering purposes, is one of the most difficult problem for designer. The best material is one which serves the desired objective at the minimum cost. The following factors should be considered while selecting the material: 1. Availability of the materials. . Suitability of the materials for the working conditions in service. 3. The cost of the material. 4. Its susceptibility to corrosion. 5. Its physical, chemical as well as thermal stability. 6. Material must withstand service demands. Such as dimensional stability, adequate strength, toughness, thermal conductivity etc. 7. The extent of the stresses induced. 8. Factor of safety desired. 9. The initial stresses during the material processing. 10. Its density, melting point, boiling point at the working conditions. 11. The extent of surface finish required. 12. Fabrication requirement. 13. Ease of joining, repair by welding etc. 4. Disposability and recyclability. 15. The aesthetics of the material. 16. Chemical nature of the material. 17. Environmental conditions. Mechanical properties of engineering materials Elasticity This is the property of a material to regain its original shape after deformation when the external forces are removed. All materials are plastic to some extent but the degree varies, for example, both mild steel and rubber are elastic materials but steel is more elastic than rubber. Plasticity This is associated with the permanent deformation of material when the stress level exceeds the yield point. Under plastic conditions materials ideally deform without any increase in stress Strength It is the ability of a material to resist deformation. The strength of a component is usually considered based on the maximum load that can be borne before failure is apparent. If under simple tension the permanent deformation (plastic strain) that takes place in a component before failure, the load-carrying capacity, at the instant of final rupture, will probably be less than the maximum load supported at a lower strain because the load is being applied over significantly smaller cross-sectional area. Under simple compression, the load at fracture will be the maximum applicable over a significantly enlarged area compared with the cross-sectional area under no load. Ductility It is more commonly defined as the ability of a material to deform easily upon the application of a tensile force, or as the ability of a material to withstand plastic deformation without rupture. Ductility may also be thought of in terms of bend ability and crushability. This is the property of the material that enables it to be drawn-out or elongated to an appreciable extent before rupture occurs. The percentage elongation or percentage reduction in area before rupture of a test specimen is the measure of ductility. Normally if percentage elongation exceeds 15% the material is ductile and if it is less than 5%the material is brittle. Lead, copper, aluminium, mild steel are typical ductile materials. Ductile materials show large deformation before fracture. The lack of ductility is often termed brittleness. Usually, if two materials have the same strength and hardness, the one that has the higher ductility is more desirable. The ductility of many metals can change if conditions are altered. An increase in temperature will increase ductility. A decrease in temperature will cause decrease inductility and a change from ductile to brittle behavior Malleability Where ductility is the ability of a material to deform easily upon the application of a tensile force, malleability is the ability of a metal to exhibit large deformation or plastic response when being subjected to compressive force. It is a special case of ductility where it can be rolled into thin sheets but it is not necessary to be so strong. Lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper and aluminium are some materials in order Of diminishing malleability. Uniform compressive force causes deformation in the manner shown in Figure 7. The material contracts axially with the force and expands laterally. Restraint due to friction at the contact faces induces axial tension on the outside. Tensile forces operate around the circumference with the lateral expansion or increasing girth. Plastic flow at the center of the material also induces tension. Therefore, the criterion of fracture (that is, the limit of plastic deformation) for a plastic material is likely to depend on tensile rather than compressive stress. Temperature change may modify both the plastic flow mode and the fracture mode. Toughness The quality known as toughness describes the way a material reacts under sudden impacts. This is the property which enables a material to be twisted, bent or stretched under impact load or high stress before rupture. It may be considered to be the ability of the material to absorb energy in the plastic zone. The measure of toughness is the amount of energy absorbed after being stressed upto the point of fracture. It is defined as The work required to deform one cubic inch of metal until it fractures. Toughness is measured by the Charpy test or the Izod test. Both of these tests use a notched sample. The location and shape of the notch are standard. The points of support of the sample, as well as the impact of the hammer, must bear a constant relationship to the location of the notch. Hardness Hardness is the property of a material that enables it to resist plastic deformation, penetration, indentation, and scratching. Therefore, hardness is important from an engineering standpoint because resistance to wear by either friction or erosion by steam, oil, and water generally increases with hardness. Several methods have been developed for hardness testing. Those most often used are Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, Tukon, Sclerscope, and the files test. The first four are based on indentation tests and the fifth on the rebound height of a diamond-tipped metallic hammer. The file test establishes the characteristics of how well a file takes a bite on the material. Creep When a member is subjected to a constant load over a long period of time it undergoes a slow permanent deformation and this is termed as â€Å"creep†. This is dependent on temperature. Usually at elevated temperatures creep is high. Resilience This is the property of the material that enables it to resist shock and impact by storing energy. The measure of resilience is the strain energy absorbed per unit volume. For a rod of length L subjected to tensile load P, a linear load-deflection plot is shown in figure- Brittleness- This is opposite to ductility. Brittle materials show little deformation before fracture and failure occur suddenly without any warning. Normally if the elongation is less than 5% the material is considered to be brittle. E. g. cast iron, glass, ceramics are typical brittle materials. Fatigue Fatigue is a phenomenon associated with variable loading or more precisely to cyclic stressing or straining of a material. Just as we human beings get fatigue when a specific task is repeatedly performed, in a similar manner metallic components subjected to variable loading get fatigue, which leads to their premature failure under specific conditions. Fatigue loading is primarily the type of loading which causes cyclic variations in the applied stress or strain on a component. Thus any variable loading is basically a fatigue loading. Stress Concentration In developing a machine it is impossible to avoid changes in cross-section, holes,notches, shoulders etc. Some examples are shown in figure Any such discontinuity in a member affects the stress distribution in the neighbourhood and the discontinuity acts as a stress raiser. whenever a machine component changes the shape of its cross section, the simple stress distribution does not holds good and the neighbourhood of discontinuity is different this irregularity in the stress distribution caused by abrupt changes of form is called stress concentration. It occurs for all kinds of stresses in the prescence of fillets, notches, holes, keyways, splines, surface roughness or scratches etc. the nominalstress in the right and left sides, of the above mentioned components, will be uniform but in the region where the cross section is changing, a re-distribution of the force whithin the member must take plac. The material near the edges is stressed considerably higher than the average value. The maximum stress occurs at some point on the fillet and is directed parallel to the boundry at that point. Theoratical or form stress concentration factor The theoratical or form stress concentration factor is defined as the ratio of the maximum stress in a member (at a notch or fillet) to the nominal stress at the same section based upon net area. Mathematically, theoratical or form stress concentration factor. Kt = Maximum stress Nominal stress Methods of reducing stress concentration A number of methods are available to reduce stress concentration in machineparts. Some of them are as follows: 1. Provide a fillet radius so that the cross-section may change gradually. 2. Sometimes an elliptical fillet is also used. 3. If a notch is unavoidable it is better to provide a number of small notchesrather than a long one. This reduces the stress concentration to a large extent. 4. If a projection is unavoidable from design considerations it is preferable toprovide a narrow notch than a wide notch. 5. Stress relieving groove are sometimes provided. These are demonstrated in figure

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The Impact of the Real Estate in Dubai Economy

The Impact of the Real Estate in Dubai Economy Abstract This research project aims at finding out the real estate and construction sectors in Dubai. Currently Dubai is one of the emirates that form the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and currently it is the second largest emirate with massive economic opportunities after Abu Dhabi.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of the Real Estate in Dubai Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Real estate sector in this emirate constitute the main economic artery that has resulted into transformation of the once desert country. Nevertheless evidence shows that with the change in property freehold rights, the emirate real estate sector experience boom until early 2008 before crashing and currently efforts are in gear to revive the sector. More so, the contribution of major real estate companies to the economy of Dubai cannot be ignored and further studies shows that the companies are mega-economy boosters to Dub ai economy. Therefore the conclusion of the research paper is that real estate sector is vital to Dubai economy and efforts to revive the sector from detriments of financial crises are necessary. Introduction Many people all over the world, in most instances, find it difficult to recognize that Dubai is a city and not a country. In viewing, studying or researching about Dubai, what comes in mind is that this is an independent country. In essence, this is not true, as Dubai constitute a prominent city in a country known as United Arab Emirates (Hill 2010). Geographically, Dubai is situated in a Persian Gulf country popularly known as United Arab Emirates (UAE), which, apart from having Dubai, has other six different emirates or principalities (Hill, 2010). The capital city of UAE is known as Abu Dhabi, and on large scale, the country is dominant in Islamic religion and culture. Population statistics from the country show that Dubai is the most populous of all the seven emirates with almost two million people (Hill, 2010). UAE economy depends much on oil and energy but data shows that Dubai’s economy depend less on these resources, and instead, much of the city’s economy depend on real estate and financial service industries together with tourism and trade (Hill 2010). Moreover, Dubai continues to draw the attention of the world due to its â€Å"bold and innovative real estate projects† (Hill, 2010, p.1). The emirate of Dubai experiences â€Å"hot climate, which is sometimes accompanied by humidity† (Hill, 2010). Notable warmest month is August that generally experiences a high temperature of 41.3 degrees; and the emirate is located inside the â€Å"Arabian Desert, and the landscape is dominated by sand, with wild grasses and some palm trees† (Hill 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The official d eclared language of the emirate is Arabic though English has become another widely spoken language as a result of many non-Arabic foreigners in the emirate (Hill, 2010). The essence of this paper, guided by this brief history of Dubai, will be to investigate and evaluate the real estate in Dubai and the way it has contributed to the economy of the emirate and some of the real estate companies in this emirate. Objectives The objective of this research will center on: The economy of Dubai and how it has benefited from the real estate and construction economy. How Dubai construction and real estate has developed through history. How recent financial crises has affected the sector. How change in law has seen foreign rights of property ownership. Importance of investigating the subject Dubai is a first growing economy that is viewed to be nearing that of Singapore. Such resources as oil and natural gas have been associated with UAE but in the case of Dubai, these resources contribute a meager portion. Therefore, an adequate understanding of real estate and construction sector is important in understanding how this particular sector is continuing to grow and impacting Dubai economy. Research Objective The major research objective of the paper involves investigating the role real estate and construction sectors play to the Economy of Dubai. Other related objectives will include how change in law has revolutionalized the sector, the impact and contribution of the major three real estate companies to the economy, and the impact of financial crises to the crises. Literature Review Dubai’s Economy Dubai, which is one of the UAE’s emirates, has positively continued to contribute to the economy of the country where statistics shows that Dubai emirate account for almost 29.2 per cent of UAE’s GDP (Explorer Publishing, 2006). Since its foundation, Dubai relied on oil revenues that initially formed 50per cent of the emirate’s GDP, but as time has elapsed, the role of oil in Dubai economy has decline (Explorer Publishing, 2006). By the year 2004, oil accounted for 6 per cent of the emirate’s GDP and by the start of the year 2010 contribution of oil to the economy of Dubai had further dropped to one per cent. Authors describe Dubai as one of the unique and unusual regions of the world especially with regard to its economic structure. For instance, duties and imports have been eliminated on goods being imported to the Emirate, while at the same time numerous free zones exist such as Jebel Ali free zone, Dubai Maritime City, Dubai Internet City, and Dubai Media City (Caploe, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of the Real Estate in Dubai Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role of these free zones has been to attract foreign direct investment to the emirate. Currently, Dubai houses one of the largest buildings in the world known as Burj Khalifa and other notable buildings include Burj-al-Arab hotel (Caploe 2010). Literatures concerning Dubai postulate that for a long time, the rulers of the emirate knew that a time would reach when oil would run out and as a mitigation measure, there was need to diversify the economy (Explorer Publishing 2006). Today, Dubai prides itself in having a diverse economy that incorporates new sectors such as trade, manufacturing, transport, construction, and real estate as the main contributors to Dubai’s strong and growing economy (Explorer Publishing, 2006). Property and construction sectors contribute 22.6 per cent of the emirate’s economy; trade 16 per cent; shipping, warehousing and logistics account for 15 per cent; tourism contribute 11.6 per cent; financial services account for 11 per cent; and oil and natural gas account for 6 per cent (Caploe 2010). Further, Dubai’s vibrant and growing economy is seen to be benefiting from the strategic locat ion of the emirate, which acts as the prime location for re-exporting center in the Middle East. This is compounded by the fact that Dubai’s costs of operations and logistics are relatively low; the emirate has an international outlook due to numerous citizens of different countries who reside or conduct businesses in the emirate. Starting early this year, statistics showed that the economy of the emirates grew by 2.3 per cent during the first six months of the year where it was noted that trade and manufacturing improved a lot (Dubai Statistics Center 2010 cited in Reuters, 2010). At the same time, it was noted that the property sector again contributed greatly to the economy of the emirate by injecting about 11 per cent of its revenue to the economy although this was a reduction of 3 and 6 per cent as compared to 14 per cent and 17 per cent for 2009 and 2008 respectively (Reuters, 2010). According to the emirate’s economic predictions, they have placed economy to gro w at 2.3 per cent by the end of this year although the International Monetary Funds (IMF) had made its earlier predictions of 0.5 per cent (Reuters, 2010). Even with slight prospects in the economy appearing to be positive, there are still concerns about Dubai’s liabilities that are estimated to be about $115 billion.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, these concerns appear to have been â€Å"eased after Dubai World reached a deal in September to restructure almost $25 billion of debt† (Reuters, 2010). Other worries prevalent in the emirate revolves around a huge debt owed by vital firms in the emirate such as the Dubai Holdings that has a debt of almost $30 billion which will be maturing in the financial period of 2011-2012 (Reuters 2010). Real Estate Economy of Dubai Actual economic development of Dubai is believed to have gained momentum as from 1950s when the late Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum dredged the Dubai Creek, which in turn led to the expansion of the emirate and the loan he borrowed to expand the emirate repaid immediately to the Emir of Kuwait (United Arab Emirates 2004). Towards the end of 1959, Sheikh Rashid further established Dubai airport and built the pioneer hotel in Dubai in the same year. As a result of these actions by Sheikh Rashid, the first Dubai construction boom started in ear ly 1960, which in turn prompted increase in population of the emirate to about 120,000 people by the end of that decade (United Arab Emirates, 2004). The construction boom that was being experienced included the construction of Port Rashid which main feature was presence of five berth container terminals for big ships during the time and the discovery of oil in Dubai propelled these construction intentions (United Arab Emirates 2004). Further, property construction in Dubai continued in late 1990s as more notable and huge buildings were put up in the emirate that elevated the emirate to a global scale. Such new buildings included a seven-star Burj Al Arab hotel which is rated to be the tallest hotel in entire world while the Emirates Towers constructed during the same period tops as the tallest building in Europe and the Middle East (United Arab Emirates 2004). Sheikh Mohammed as the ruler of the emirate put more emphasis and facilitated development of real estate through the establ ishment of the publicly quoted Emaar Properties in 1997, which has evolved to become the biggest real estate company in Dubai; and in the same league, is the Nakheel Company, which is a Dubai government-owned company (United Arab Emirates 2004). In essence, Dubai’s property construction was greatly influenced by Sheikh Rashid that despite his death in 1990, his policies with regard to Dubai property construction remained a live. Size of Dubai’s real estate sector In 2002, Dubai property market was opened to foreigners and the property sector in the emirate started to experience growth and expansion. The initial road map for real estate boom was started by the launch of first phase of Emaar Properties Emirates Hills plan, which, within a short time had been grabbed by foreign investors (2 Day, Dubai n.d, p.1). The result of this is development of huge and new property eco-system in the emirate of Dubai account for 13 per cent of the emirate’s GDP in the prosperin g construction sector (2 Day Dubai n.d, p.1). During the year 2005, construction sector was the highest developed with a growth rate of 29 per cent followed closely with real estate sector at 22 per cent and currently the diversification projects in the emirate sees real estate as the main driver of Dubai’s economy. During the same period, as construction economy boomed, property prices were predicted to decrease due to slow down in the rush for building. But the same predictions indicated that the sector’s investment of â€Å"$50 billion of residential projects will be built in the next four years, including at least 85,000 new homes, according to research by EFG-Hermes, an Egyptian investment bank with offices in Dubai† (Hanware, 2005, p.1). The real sector further continues to experience growth in the emirate due to establishment of real estate companies such as Emaar Properties, Al-Nakheel, A-Ittihad, and Jumeirah both of which receive government support in their activities (Hanware, 2005). For example, according to Emaar, it had awarded a â€Å"$735.1 million contract to a consortium to build a shopping mall it says will be the worlds largest† (Hanware, 2005). The company had earlier, in January, won another contract to put up â€Å"a multi-billion dollar Dubai Waterfront real estate project which will be open to private and foreign investors† (Hanware 2005, p.1). On the other hand, another government supported Real Estate Company; Nakheel offered 49 per cent through Dubai Waterfront Co. â€Å"to develop the 8,100-hectare residential, tourism and commercial project† (Hanware 2005). Performance of real estate sector in Dubai Key factors have contributed to the success of Dubai’s real estate market, which include turbulence in the Western markets combined with low interest rate thus boosting Dubai property by making it attractive to investors; growing investments from Russia in the emirate and continued expan sion of the tourism sector, which is pushing demand for hospitality real estate (Oxford Business Group 2008). Demand for real estate in Dubai has primarily been stimulated by expansion of economy which in turn has triggered growth of the emirate’s population. At the same time, real estate sector has been boosted by the rising demand for properties from foreign investors especially after the partial liberalization of the sector in 2002, where property market has turned to be a popular investment among majority of investors (Oxford Business Group 2008). Another reason has to do with abundance of liquidity in the market which has contributed to the success of the sector. Liquidity of the market has further been supported and encouraged by high oil and gas prices in UAE. Research Methodology According to J. D. Raadt, author of ‘A Method and Software for Designing Viable Social Systems’, slight differences exist between method and methodology but in most cases, they a re used interchangeably. According to the author, methodology refers to the study of scientific thought; that is, it is the science of sciences (Raadt 2001). On the other hand, method is guided by methodology but in its capacity method deals with handling of information, that is collection of information, its organization, and manipulation for scientific purposes (Raadt, 2001). According to Morley D. Glicken, author of ,A Guide to Writing for Human Service Professionals’ methodology represent that part of research process concerned with description of how data collection is carried out, how sampling process progress, and also data collection procedures (Glicken, 2008). Methodology process to be employed in the research will largely be used to investigate the goals of the research study that include: how economy of Dubai has benefited from the real estate and construction economy; how Dubai construction and real estate has developed through history; how recent financial crises have affected the sector; how change in law has seen foreign rights of property ownership. The last three objectives have been answered through literature review and the methodology to be utilized will essentially answer the first question. Population and sample Nancy Burns and Susan K. Grove, authors of ‘the practice of nursing research: conduct, critique, and utilization’ defines population as totality of all elements, objects or substances that meet certain inclusion in a given universe (Burns and Grove 2005, p.40). A study may be conducted on firms, people and so on. On the other hand, sample has been defined as subset of the population selected for a particular study, while sampling represents the process and technique used for selecting a group of people, events, or other elements with which to conduct a study (Burns and Grove 2005). For this study, the population includes all companies in the real estate and construction economy of Dubai while the sample constit utes the three main large real estate companies in Dubai. Instrumentation Research instrumentation is regarded to be a component of measurement where measurement is defined as, â€Å"the process of assigning numbers to objects or events or situations in accord with some rule† (Burns and Grove 2005, P.40). As a result instrumentation refers to, â€Å"application of specific rules to the development of a measurement device or instrument† (Burns and Grove 2005, P.40). Generally selection of an instrument should be to examine a specific variable in a study and normally data generated with an instrument are at the nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio level of measurement (Burns and Grove 2005). More so, choice of any particular instrument requires wide examination of the instrument’s reliability and validity. Reliability is essentially concerned with how constantly the measurement technique measures a concept while validity of an instrument is the extent to which the instrument in reality reflects the theoretical concept being examined (Burns and Grove 2005). This research will employ case study strategy and instrumentation. According to an online article titled, ‘Research Methodology’ case studies are generally linked with qualitative research but in some instances can be used as a method of inquiry utilizing a positivist epistemology and ontology (Anonymous n.d). Yin (1994) observes that researchers involved in carrying out case studies sometimes may not necessary have to visit the organization they are researching on instead they can collect their data by consulting secondary sources or conducting interview of respondents through telephone or by email (cited in Anonymous n.d). Yin (1994) defines case study as, â€Å"an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly defined† (Anonymous n.d, p.83). Case stud y has been hailed and been found useful in situations where contextual conditions of the events being studied are critical and where the researcher has no control over the events as they unfold (Anonymous n.d). Advice given by numerous authors is that case study as a research strategy should include specific techniques for collecting and analyzing data, guided by precise stated theoretical assumptions. At the same time, data need to be collected from different sources and its integrity to be verified. The case study strategy is favored due to its usefulness for practice-based problems where the experience of the actors is important and the context of action is critical (Lee 1989; Galliers 1991 cited in Anonymous n.d). The selection of firms’ cases was based on two major reasons. First, the three firms are relative large in terms of asset and financial as compared to other firms therefore there contribution to Dubai economy is big; second, in the three firms, the Dubai governm ent has shares in the firms hence there presence and operation in the market is seen to be directly linked to the economy of the emirate. Therefore compared to other methods, case study is seen to be suitable for this kind of research on Dubai real estate and construction sector. Analysis and Research Finding Data generated through case studies is largely qualitative in nature. Therefore, qualitative techniques of analysis will be employed. According to Ian Dey, author of ‘Qualitative Data Analysis: A User Friendly Guide for Social Scientists’ states that data analysis involves the act of breaking data down into small bits and the process can be defined as the process of resolving data into its constituent components, to reveal its characteristic elements and structure (Dey 2003). Most techniques employed in qualitative analysis are based on description and according to the author, â€Å"the core of qualitative analysis lies in these related processes of describing phe nomena, classifying it, and seeing how our concepts interconnect† (Dey 2003, p.31). The first step in qualitative analysis is to generate and develop thorough and comprehensive descriptions of the phenomenon under study. Popular known as ‘thick’ description, qualitative analysis generally involves description of information about the context of an act, the intentions and meanings that organize action, and its subsequent evolution (Denzin 1978 cited in Dey 2003). Within this pretext description includes is normally carried out involving the context of action, the intentions of the actor, and the process in which action is embedded thus in most cases qualitative analysis usually aims to produce thorough descriptions in each of the above outlined cases. Dubai’s real estate economy Contribution of real estate sector to the economy has been evident through establishment of real estate companies, which today dominate property and construction projects in the emir ate. Dubai’s Number of Real Estate Businesses by the year 2003 Source: Roumi et al. 2004 Expected Growth Revenue for Real Estate firms between 2003-2004 Source: Roumi et al. 2004 Emaar Properties Limited Emaar Properties Limited was established in 1997, and since then, it has established its presence in Dubai as a local property giant, which in 2005 became the number one real estate company in the whole world in terms of market capitalization (Dubsky 2006). A part from having heavy presence in real estate industry, the company has expanded its activities and invested in other industries such as hospitality, leisure, retail, education, finance, and healthcare (Dubsky 2006). Currently, the company is listed on the Dubai Financial Market as a Public Joint Stock Company and the growth of the company reflects the strong demand of residential properties in Dubai and the resultant increase in associated prices. With regard to revenue reports, in 2005 the company had a revenue base of $2,276 million which increased to $3,813 million in 2006 and in 2007 the revenue increased to $4,782 million and this represented a growth rate of 48 per cent in three years for the revenue (Al-Abed, Vine and Hellyer 2004). As part of its real estate projects, the company has ten major real estate projects that it has been developing. They include: Dubai Marina; Arabian Ranches; Emirates Hills; The Meadows; The Springs; The Lakes; The Greens; and Emaar Towers (Al-Abed, Vine and Hellyer 2004). At the same time the company owns and manages the Gold and Diamond Park with high prospects accrued to the company as a result of â€Å"construction of Burj Dubai the tallest skyscraper and largest shopping center in the world† (Al-Abed, Vine and Hellyer 2004). A part from pursuing its expansion of business ventures plans and taking part in high-quality real estate development, the company â€Å"owns and manages four subsidiaries: Dubai Bank, Amlak Finance, Emrill Services and Sahm Technologies† (Al-Abed, Vine and Hellyer 2004). Emaar Properties has not just concentrated in Dubai market but it is expanding its operation to other Middle East and Asian countries especially after the launch of its Vision 2010 which postulates the company’s ambition to become one of the most valuable companies in the world through geographical expansion and business segmentation. Therefore the contributions of Emaar Properties to Dubai’s economy are enormous. Currently this company with large capitalization than any other company has become an effective driver of Dubai Economy through growth and progress and today Dubai has transformed its status to one of the globe’s most vibrant and cosmopolitan cities. In Dubai Emaar’s growth is associated to success stories of lifestyle communities, effective established suburbs in the desert, and re-shaped Dubai’s map of skyline by offering the emirate’s growing population urban cosmopolitan li festyle. In short Emaar’s developments and properties have been integral to the economic growth and prosperity of Dubai and the contribution of the company continue to expand the economy of the emirate (Boermeester n.d). Al-Nakheel Company Another giant real estate company in Dubai, Al Nakheel Properties also known as Nakheel Corporation, has been rated to be among the popular and resource-endowed real estate companies in Dubai. The company mainly deals in freehold properties in the emirate and the company’s â€Å"real estate development ranges into residential, tourist, commercial and retail property† (Ten Real Estate, 2010, p.1). The company, since its inceptions, operates under the Corporate Office where it is mandated with the responsibility of managing numerous real estate projects on the behalf of the Dubai government. Real estate properties under the management and development of the company include: â€Å"Palms Island that comprises Palm Jumeirah, Palm Jebel Ali, and Palm Deira; The World Island; Dubai Waterfront; The Gardens; Jumeirah Lake Towers, Discovery Gardens, Lost City, Jumeirah Islands; Jumeirah Village; The International City; Jewel of the Palm; The Palm Golden Mile; Palm Trump International Hotel and Tower, and the Ibn Battuta Mall† (Ten Real Estate 2010, p.1). In accordance to the first growing and developments taking place in Dubai, Nakheel has become a critical player in ensuring the emirate achieves its vision in the 21st century by creating a world-class destination for business operations and tourism activities. Due to crashing of the real estate and hence the economy of Dubai, the company early this initiated a program of pumping Dh 4 billion into the local economy of Dubai. And as Mena would state later, â€Å"the effect of Nakheel, having played an important role in the evolution of Dubais and indeed the regions real estate market, getting back into the action is good news† (Anonymous 2010, p.1). F urther, Mena observes that, â€Å"Dubai has continued building its infrastructure over the last two years and the city now can accommodate significantly more economic activity and Nakheel has played an important part in this† (Anonymous, 2010, p.1). Today, Nakheel’s creditors involves over â€Å"1,000 contractors, suppliers, designers and all other related consultants involving more than 4,000 contracts† (Anonymous, 2010, p.1). As a government owned company, Al Nakheel Properties will continue to be an essential arm to the economy of Dubai. Following the financial crisis and real estate crush the company was faced with financial woos a scenario that prompted the government of Dubai to bail the company from this menace. The government commitment was that it would inject about $ 9.5 billion into the Dubai World with the aim of rescuing the company since the company had become through its many projects in the emirate, a chief conglomerate that had changed and recap tured the image of Dubai as a hub for business activities and tourist destination (Surk and Schreck 2010, p.1). Stating and commending on this move by the government, Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the chairman of Dubai’s supreme fiscal committee noted that, â€Å"the support for Nakheel aims to ensure Dubai World and property development company gets back to normal as it has been a key contributor to the strong economic future of the Emirate of Dubai and the wider United Arab Emirates† (Surk and Schreck 2010, p.1). In short, Nakheel Company will remain as the backbone real estate company following Emaar in contributing and sustaining emirate’s economy through their numerous real estate projects and other related economic activities. Dubai Holdings Company Dubai Holdings was founded in 2004 and currently the company is comprised of some twenty companies that undertake diverse investment opportunities in energy, shipping, healthcare, media, finance, and real estate (Oxford Business Group, 2008). One of the company’s international subsidiaries is the Sama Dubai, which has a global net investment capacity in terms of revenue of almost $38 billions. The subsidiary further manages local, regional and global real estate investments on behalf of Dubai Holdings. The Dubai government has considerable shares in the company. Dubai holdings have been attached to the Dubai’s dream of becoming a regional and international economic powerhouse. In 2007, Tunishia’s president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and the ruler of Dubai Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum entered into an agreement that was to see Dubai Holdings initiate one of the biggest real estate investment in the history of Tunisia where the company would be granted the opportunity to develop an area of 830 hectares on the shores of Tunis’s Lac Sud (Oxford Business Group 2008). Currently, operations being overseen by Dubai Holdings with regard to real estate investment incl ude buildings of towers that are being facilitated under the Dubai Towers brand, large and huge resorts undertaken under the Salam brand, business investment and developments, jumbo malls and other high-profile projects (Agnew, 2006). Further, the company has extended its real estate investments projects to Morocco where in 2007 it injected about $12 billion in Moroccan real estate that confined to constructing major cities in the country (Agnew 2006). The numerous real estate and other related investments by the company have promoted the company as one of the biggest real estate companies in that its activities have continued to give life to the economy of Dubai. Conclusion and Recommendations Summary Real estate sector is the biggest income-generating sector and continues to service Dubai’s economy greatly. It has been described as Dubai’s dynamic and driving force for the emirate’s economy. The emirate of Dubai is today one of the world’s ‘super- place’ due to its excellent and magnificent sky-buildings. The emirate which is largely a desert has transformed into a busy business hub, a one-stop tourist center and other high placed activities. Today some economists’ and political economists’ asserts that the economy of the emirate may soon be on the same pace with that of Singapore as more economic activities continue to take place in the emirate. With exceptional, real estate sector remains the artery of Dubai’s economic growth and prosperity and the government recognized and boosted this sector when in2002 it passed partial property freehold rights that for the first time gave foreign investors partial rights to buy and own property. The growth of this sector has been promising until 2008 when it crashed and to extend slowed the pace of growth in the sector. Nevertheless, given the importance all stakeholders in the emirate have attached to the sector concerted efforts in form of numerous recovery initiatives have been undertaken to rescue the sector, and though the sector is yet to note and experience full growth, numerous predictions indicate that it may not take long before the sector regain its earlier position and hence the contribution to the economy will be enormous. In essence the prospects of the real estate sector are positive an will be boosted by the recent Land department initiatives which aims to registers all built and un-built property and this has been perceived to be putting back confidence among investors. Recommendations In summary, it can be recommended that the emirate need to improve and better its legal system with regard to foreign investors where legal rights of foreign investors should be assured through appropriate legislations. Regulatory environment for real estate and construction sector should be improved to embrace policies that are more flexible. Appendix Real Estate Research Sample of Interview Checklist/Questionnaires Name of Company: Ty pe of activity: Purchasing and selling Management Brokerage Date of establishing the company: What is your evaluation for the real estate market as per quality and quantity? What is the volume of the real estate investment in Dubai and UAE? What are the market trends in the coming period as per quantity and quality? In consistence with the requirements of the coming period, what are the scopes of services you are ready to render? What are the most attractive areas in Dubai in terms of real estate investments? What are the factors behind stimulating customers in the real estate market (location, services, prices, others)? What do you think about the general environment of the real estates in Dubai as per the government legislations, finance instruments, labor and human resources, competition? What are the factors of influence in the real estates market and what is the extent of this influence? To what extent the real estates sector is affected with the other productive sectors? Wh at are the effects of real estates projects that have emerged in the recent years upon the market in general? In your opinion, are there any specific obstacles facing the real estates market in Dubai? Do you suggest any solutions? What are the most prevalent finance methods and what are the problems facing the landlords in getting the finance? What are your recommendations to develop the sector market? Reference List 2 Day Dubai. N.d. Dubai Property Sector. Web. Agnew, R., 2006. Dubai Holding launches real estate operation. Arabian Business News. Web. Available from:  https://www.arabianbusiness.com/dubai-holding-launches-real-estate-operation-208963.html . Al-Abed, I., Vine, P., and Hellyer, P., 2004. United Arab Emirates yearbook 2005. Trident Press Ltd. Web. Available from:  https://books.google.com/books?id=75VA3rU2sVQCpg=PT131dq=Emaar+Properties+companyhl=enei=tWrvTOrNB4vEswbSyLyLCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Emaar%20Properties%20companyf=false . Anon ymous. N.d. Research Methodology. Web. Anonymous. 2010. Nakheel allots Dh 4billion to restart projects. Gulf News. Web. Boermeester, S., N.d. Best of Dubai. NY: Global Village Productions Ltd. Web. Available from:  https://books.google.com/books?id=K-N7zOHsQHUCpg=PA287dq=Emaar+Properties+companyhl=enei=IHbvTP-HPIGClAeRoPmjDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Emaar%20Properties%20companyf=true . Burns, N. and Grove, S. K., 2005. The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique, and utilization. PA, Elsevier Health Sciences. Web. Available from:  https://books.google.com/books?id=vj_LZ6w2kXoCpg=PA40dq=research+population+and+samplehl=enei=xlH1TN3OKpWH4gbx-bioBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=research%20population%20and%20samplef=true . Caploe, D., 2010. Dubai Economy. Economy Watch: Economic, Investment and Finance Reports. Web. Available from:  economywatch.com/world_economy/dubai/ . Dey, I., 2003. Qualitative Data Analysis: A User Friendly G uide for Social Scientists. NY, Routledge. Web. Available from:  https://books.google.com/books?id=_CldPVi2g1cCprintsec=frontcoverdq=qualitative+data+analysis+techniqueshl=enei=wGP1TOHLCKCO4gaGrPW9Bwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=qualitative%20data%20analysis%20techniquesf=false . Dubsky, A., 2006. Emaar takes on the global challenge. Middle East, No.367, pp.34. Web. Glicken, M. D., 2008. A Guide to Writing for Human Service. Rowman Littlefield. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=R2TZMXm2_YMCpg=PA149dq=writing+methodology+section+of+research+paperhl=enei=XiH1TJnYAtqM4gaJ5tDHBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=writing%20methodology%20section%20of%20research%20paperf=true . Hanware, K., 2005. Will Dubai’s Real Estate Bubble Burst? Arab News. Web. Hill, A., 2010. What Country is Dubai In? Web. Available from:  https://www.wisegeek.com/what-country-is-dubai-in.htm . Oxford Business Group. 2008. The Report: Dubai 2008. UK , Oxford Business Group. Web. Available from:  https://books.google.com/books?id=tw6DedF0Hq4Cpg=PA137dq=real+estate+in+Dubaihl=enei=rRPuTKX_BcKP4QbewpiUDAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=real%20estate%20in%20Dubaif=false . Raadt, J. D. R., 2001. A Method and Software for Designing Viable Social Systems. Universal-Publishers. Web. Available from:  https://books.google.com/books?id=1mmjtHRuzPECpg=PA1dq=method+and+methodologyhl=enei=vEX1TILxGcaK4Qb4n9jsBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=method%20and%20methodologyf=true . Roumi, J. et al. 2004. Real Estate Sector in Dubai. Web. Available from:  dubaichamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Real-Estate-Sector-in-Dubai-eng.pdf . Reuters. 2010. Dubai economy grew 2.3 per cent in first half. The Economic Times. Web. Surk, B., and Schreck, A., 2010. Dubai Offers $9.5 Billion to aid struggling firm. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Web. Ten Real Estate. 2010. Property Developers: Al Nakheel Properties. Web. Avail able from:  http://realestate.theemiratesnetwork.com/developers/al_nakheel_properties.php . United Arab Emirates. 2004. A Short History of Dubai Property. Web. Available from:  https://www.ameinfo.com/industry/real-estate/a-short-history-of-dubai-property-part .

Intellectual property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Intellectual property - Essay Example In order to accomplish this fair balance, especially with the Internet as a tool that can facilitate both objectives, the international framework attempts to foster harmony among national laws for the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights. This research study examines the international framework for intellectual property rights protection and how those laws are reflected in national framework by reference to the UAE. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 The International Regulation of Intellectual Property Rights 5 The Berne Convention 6 The Paris Convention 8 Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 11 WIPO Copyright Treaty 14 Intellectual Property Rights Protection and the Internet in the UAE 17 Analysis and Conclusion 19 Bibliography 22 Introduction Intellectual property is described as assets created via invention, innovation or hard work with a right of the author to forbid use of these assets as prescribed by law. Thus intellectu al property rights are formalised methods through which proprietary interests in â€Å"intellectual assets† are established (Maskus, 1998, p. 187). ... In addition, companies that develop software for use via the Internet are at a substantial risk of having this software copied by their competitors (Thurow, 1997). National legislation and judiciaries confront new challenges in protecting intellectual property rights within the realm of the Internet especially because of its global â€Å"reach† and â€Å"relatively unregulated growth† (Salbu, 1998, p. 434). The main problem for the holder of intellectual property rights is establishing jurisdiction over a party who infringes intellectual property rights via the Internet. When an infringer operates away from the jurisdiction in which the intellectual property rights are registered, the holder of those rights will usually have to cover the cost of litigating in a foreign venue (Rieder & Pappas, 1998). International intellectual property rights regulations are intended to establish harmony among nations in terms of minimum standards of protection and for the purpose of reg ulating questions relating to jurisdiction. The two main international regimes are the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) which host several multinational agreements and the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) (Drahoa, 2005). The question for consideration however, is whether or not international conventions on intellectual property rights protection are sufficient for dealing with the complex issues associated with infringement via the Internet. For example, the United Arab Emirates is a party to both WIPO Convention and TRIPS and earlier international Conventions, and yet its national legislation which is bound by the international

Reseach Paper proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reseach Paper proposal - Essay Example Machine helps machine to figure and work machine unfathomably speedier, lessening the handling speed, value and time. This development innovation changes all human lives. I have quite a while encounter in Plastic infusion Mold making and Machining part industry. For me as experience engineer, CNC is an enchantment. It made unthinkable dreams to true plausibility. CNC it helps me to transform and cut the metal speedier, precise and lively than some time recently. Useful of expounding on this theme is helping me to get progress data about CNC innovation. Whats more the gigantic sources from Cal State University Library are opening an alternate eye and world for me to get more learning and data about the business that I included as my first occupation. Clearly, this Human made engineering has some Advantage and Disadvantages. Points of interest of this machine are, for example, quick correspondence, less demanding arranging framework, sparing vitality and time, information stockpiling information regardless of size and numerous different things. Impediments of the Computer are, for example, unemployment, information security and wellbeing. In General profit or harm of this creation is upon to their client is utilizing it. It can spare some person time, expense and life, or it may case someone misfortune or harm. Anyway dependably workstation engineering improved human life and lead people to a propelled level of

Study on research methodology

Study on research methodology This philosophy was considered as a standard with which this research was designed. Outline of the methods that were employed to complete the research is discussed in this chapter. Saunders et al. (2009) states that any kind of study that can establish casual relationships between variables in the research can be called as Explanatory research. In this dissertation, both primary and secondary data is collected from appropriate audience. Both Qualitative method of data collection and Quantitative method are used. Richardson (2000), states that qualitative work cannot be easily comprehended through graphical representations and thus it carries its meaning in the entire text. To ensure that the data are telling us the same thing that we think they are telling us and to reduce bias error, Triangulation method is also employed. This method of research was deemed to be the best for the purpose of this research. 3.1 The Research Onion Saunders et al. (2006) gives an extensive and explicit differentiation about the ways in which a research can be carried out. Right from the first layer of Philosophy of research followed by Approach, Strategy, Choice, Time Horizon and Technique and Procedure respectively. Each layer is vital to the skeleton the structure of the dissertation. Detailed study of the issues underlying the choice of data collection techniques and analysis procedures lead the researcher to this research (Figure 3.2). However the original model is figure 3.1 below: F:Powerpointpe_ukPE083-SaundersFinal_FilesGifch04C04NF001.gif Figure 3.1: The Research Onion Source:  ©Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis, Adrian Thornhill (2006) (http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk) Preferred Methods and Critique Research Methods preferred for this Dissertation are demonstrated in Figure 3.2 below: Core of the Onion would be same Techniques Procedures of Data Collection and Analysis Figure 3.2: The Research Onion for this Dissertation Source: Created from model provided by  © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2008 (Saunders et al., 2009 Pp. 108) Research Philosophy The philosophy of this research is mainly based on principles of Realism which is more inclined towards scientific enquiry. Saunders (2009), argue that Realism is a philosophical position which relates to scientific enquiry. Realism is a branch of epistemology which is similar to positivism. It believes that what senses show us is reality: that objectives do have their own existence quite independent of the mind. Bhaskar (1989) being a critical realist adapts the view that What we see is only the part of the bigger picture. Which is also the view of the author while conducting the research and attempting to look at the bigger picture as already done by famous people like Warren Buffet. 3.1.1.1 Critique This type of philosophy the researcher is likely to employ the existing theory and data. This can be considered as a drawback as it could have been more insightful if there was primary data backed up with the existing one in the Objectives 1, 2, 3 and 4. It was however unattainable for the capacity of this study. There is also some amount of Epistemology and Positivism seen throughout the research. Research Approach Emphasis and nature of the research topic directs the author to adopt the inductive approach of research (Creswell, 2002) where the data are collected and a theory developed as a result of the data analysis. The researcher has a strong understanding of the theory of the topics covered in the literature review and the approach developed was the result of the theories (William, 2006). Hussey et al. (2007) propose that the purpose of this research is exploratory, descriptive and explanatory as there are few studies from which the researcher may obtain information about the specified issue. 3.1.2.1 Critique As compared to the inductive approach, deductive approach seems to be widely used with the positivist research philosophy. However inductive approach was considered to be good for this research as the aim was not to narrow down by developing hypothesis from theories and then confirming them rather to gain understanding of the meanings humans attach to events and theories and also to address the gap in the literature. Research Strategy The approach adapted is of Grounded Theory and some Case Examples to aid the triangulation of the data. Looking beyond its general criticisms the researcher would advocate that the key issue to remember in such an approach is that grounded theory is an interpretive process, rather than a logico-deductive one and researcher should treat it as a highly creative process (Suddaby, 2006). The aim is to discover patterns and develop hypotheses rather than testing or confirming them. The focus therefore is to gain insight and familiarity with the subject area in view of more detailed investigation at a later stage. 3.1.3.1 Critique Amongst various other available alternatives of experiments, surveys, action research, ethnography and archival research, surveys could have been another choice for the research. The researcher decided not to use a self-administered survey because of various reasons the most important being that one wouldnt be able to prompt respondents if they had difficulty in answering some questions (Bryman Bell 2007). There are issues which need better understanding are complex in nature which is part of the questionnaire and if the researcher wasnt present respondents might have left some questions out. As a consequence of this the researcher could have been left with incomplete data (Bryman Bell 2007). Research Choice This approach is open and enables the researcher to gather a broad range of data and impressions; however it rarely provides conclusive answers (Beall, 2002). The advantage of exploratory research is that it builds a foundation and offers guidance for further studies within the field. As suggested by Curran and Blackburn (2001), both quantitative and qualitative techniques will be employed and primary and secondary sources of data will be used. 3.1.4.1 Critique The research mainly focuses on qualitative data and Multiple Method Choices are made for the research following the comment of Curran and Blackburn (2001), that this method is increasingly advocated within business and management research. Detailed comparative criticism of qualitative and quantitative methods is given in section 3.2. Time Horizon Time Horizon for the research is chosen to be a longitudinal research as it has the ability to study change and development over the time. Since the problem of personal debt was not as common in old times and as it is now and it has increased as the economy has developed, this time horizon is adapted. Thus according to Bouma and Atkinson (1995, Pp.114), the question here to ask will be Has there been any change over a period of time? The specific question here thus becomes: Has there been any change in management and distribution of money over a period of time? 3.1.5.1 Critique This research can also be criticised as being cross-sectional whereby you study a particular phenomenon at a particular time (Saunders et al 2006, Pp.148) as it is also pointing the reader towards the current economic scenario. This also a result of the word and time limit of the project. The strategies mentioned above and depicted in the figure 3.2 are not considered as mutually exclusive as suggested by Yin (2003) and will be used along with other strategies and possibilities to answer the research questions in the best possible manner. 3.2 Analyzing the Alternatives It is important to understand different ways to collect data and conduct research to address the research questions and objectives in the best possible manner. This also forms the core of the research onion. In general terms research consists of: Seeking answers to questions Systematically using a predefined set of procedures to answer questions Collecting evidence To produce findings that were not determined in advance To produce findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study (www.fhi.org) As apparent from the title of the dissertation, the research philosophy here is to develop knowledge (Johnson and Clark, 2006) in the specific field of finance. Below is the table 3.2 which briefly differentiating between the two methods of data collection. Table 3.2 Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods Source: Adapted from www.fhi.org The table summarises and gives a clear idea on the use of both types of data and their uses. Being an approach which uses mixed meth.ods, this research includes both types of data. Detailed explanation of these methods is given below. 3.2.1 Criticism of Quantitative Methods Numerical data or other data which can be quantified to address the research objectives can be described as quantitative data. Quantitative data in its original form becomes very difficult to interpret and draw meaning from. Thus these data need to be processed, analysed and presented in the form of charts, graphs and tables for better understanding of the relationships and trends within the gathered data. (Saunders et al., 2009) Quantitative methods in this research were used in a form of a questionnaire to address objective 5. As they generally confirm hypotheses about phenomena and rigid style of categorising questions is necessary, it was used to segment the respondents and then understand different views of them as a portion of the society. However mainly the nature of the research demanded the qualitative methods to be adapted. 3.2.1.1 Questionnaire Saunders et at. (2009) argue that many times questionnaires are used by people before the consideration of alternative methods, like examination of secondary sources, observation and semi-structured or unstructured interviews. They advice the researchers to evaluate all the possible data collection methods and choose the one that is most appropriate to the research questions. It is not the case in this research and it was chosen as the most appropriate method to be used to achieve defined objectives. They will also aid in the triangulation of the data as the results will be used along with the focus group results. This in the descriptive nature of this research, which undertakes the study of attitude of people towards credit, spending and saving regarding personal finance, it will enable me to identify and describe the variability in different phenomena. 3.2.2 Criticism of Qualitative Methods All non-numeric data or that data which have not quantified can be defined as Qualitative data. These data are analysed and manipulated in ways of summarising, categorising and structuring of the meanings using a narrative. Commonly this research is done to gin deep insight about a particular problem or situation. One of the major advantages of adapting qualitative methods is that it provides the reader to understand from the view point of people how they experience the research issue in form of complex textual description. This provides us with humanistic side of the issue. This is mostly contradictory behaviours, beliefs, opinions, emotions and relationships of individuals. The other advantage being qualitative methods also give effective evaluation of many indefinable factors like, some social norms, socioeconomic status, role of genders, also ethnicity, and religion, whose role in this research is very apparent. It is seen that the culture of a country is a big factor deciding the spending and saving habits of an individual. Thus this approach is chosen. Qualitative methods when used along with quantitative methods, they can complement each other. It can improve the understanding of the complex reality of the given situation and the implications of the data collected (www.fhi.org). 3.2.2.1 Focus Group Administering a Focus Group was important for this project especially for objective 6 as the respondents replies would be considered very valuable to get in-depth knowledge of the given subject. A focus group has been also used to achieve triangulation. This is where qualitative and quantitative methods are both employed, by doing this can result in the negative aspects of one method being balanced by the positive aspects of the other creating a comprehensive and reliable set of findings (Jick 1979). Some of its advantages and limitations are discussed below: Advantages of using a Focus Group: It can help to explore issues deeply via encouraging respondents to interact with one another in relation to the topic set (Kolb 2008). This style has the potential for many views and opinions to accumulate thereby providing a good source of evidence in relation to the topic discussed (Wilson 2006). Here the interviewer has the ability to ask follow up questions if the respondent gives too general an answer, the interviewer can keep asking until they acquire a finding that is more credible (Kolb 2008) Some of its Limitations are: Data from a focus group might be difficult to analyse because of the large amount of data that is collected within a short timeframe. (Bryman Bell 2007) There can be a difficulty in finding participants for the activity as it is time consuming and demanding of the individual. (Wilson 2006) Group dynamics may also affect how much information is actually collected as some participants may contribute more than others. (Bryman Bell 2007) 3.2.2.2 Observation Observation is another method which is used in this report and has played a big role in its formation. This approach is also considered to be fun. This mainly involves: systematic observation, recording, description, analysis and interpretation of peoples behaviour. (Saunders et al., 2009) Many authors describe that this aspect of the research is to some extent neglected and less used in business and management studies. Although Delbridge and Kirkpatrick (1994) confirm that it is about attempting to learn the symbolic world and trying to get to the bottom of the processes with which an individual constantly constructs and reconstructs ones identity. This idea relates exactly with the aim and objectives of this research. Gill and Johnson (2002) have developed fourfold categorisation of this research which is available for any researcher. They are: Complete participant Complete observer Observer as participant Participant as observer Figure 3.2.2.2: Created from Saunders et al., 2009 form model provided by Gill and Johnson Here the role of Participant as Observer is used wherein researcher takes part in the activity and researchers identity is also revealed. Participant Observation is defined specifically as the researcher attempts to participate fully in the lives and activities of subjects and thus becomes a member of their group, organisation or community. This enables researchers to share their experiences by not merely observing what is happening but also feeling it. (Gill and Johnson 2002, Pp. 144) Thus, adding to the richness of the research data. Main Strengths and Weaknesses of this method of research are depicted in Table 3.2.2.2 below: Table 3.2.2.2: Strengths and Weaknesses of Participant Observation Source: Adapted from www.fhi.com 3.3 The Approach towards the Objectives Described below are the objectives of this research topic and how they were addressed: Objective 1: To understand Money and Debt employing exploratory research while briefly looking into its evolution. To address the first objective, extensive secondary research was carried out looking into the history of Money and Debt. This helped the author to understand the origins of these and thus provided fully with the capability to understand and critically analyze it. Objective 2: To analyze and compare the concepts of money and debt in various countries of world. This was again done with the help of extensive secondary research into the beliefs and values of many different countries of the world. It was done with mainly two types of differentiations namely developed and developing countries and close context and open context cultures. This will let the researcher to see beyond the particular culture, value and belief system of the UK. Objective 3: Understand various types of financial markets and institutions in the UK. This objective was fulfilled simultaneously while addressing the previous objectives. As after the base of the structure of the paper was created, this objective served as a ground floor to build on the other objectives. Objective 4: Understand various types of debts and reasons behind their creation. This objective again was achieved with the help of studying established theories and models which govern the current financial system in the world. Mainly secondary research is used and the concept of participant as an observer is reflected all through the dissertation which is also primary research. Objective 5: Identify critical factors responsible for the increasing personal debt in the UK. Identification of critical factors responsible for the increasing personal debt in the UK was done after careful consideration, on the basis of secondary data and the facts about UK economy given in Appendix 1. A questionnaire was prepared and given out to members of public. The questions mainly focused on Availability of Credit, Knowledge about Personal finance, Culture and Finance and Some Technicalities regarding fees and charges applicable. The sample included students, unemployed people, part time workers, full time workers and self employed people with different sex and age groups. Objective 6: Evaluate the awareness of UK residents about financial management and its role. This objective was achieved by the means of a focus group, some questions were formed to generally access the knowledge about money management in general population and the role it can play in their monetary situation. This was done via open ended questions to give the participant ability to get feedback and discuss in form of complex textual descriptions to access how people experience the given research issue. Sample here also included students, unemployed people, part time workers, full time workers and self employed people with different sex and age groups. Objective 7: Suggest a New Theory on Money Management in hard times. Thus in above mentioned way the objectives were addressed and data will be gathered and analyzed and the last objective to suggest a New Theory on Money Management in hard times to emerged as a result of the achievement of the previous research objectives.