Damath Game Essay

Introduction: Damath comes from the Pinoys checker board game called â€Å"dama† and Mathematics. It blends local civilization. instruction and digital engineering that aim to do math instruction and larning child-friendly. disputing and synergistic. DAMATH. a patent-pending mathematical board-game invented by five-time national awardees Jesus L. Huenda. is coined from the popular Filipino checker board game of Dama. ( or lady in Spanish ) and mathematics. It started in a Sorsogon National High School category in Sorsogon. Philippines and its popularity spread rapidly and resulted in the first national DAMATH competitions held at Legaspi City in 1980. He initiated this competition with the support of the Science Foundation of the Philippines. He hopes to present DAMATH to secondary math instructors as portion of a demand of his work as PASMEP Fellow at Curtin University / WACAE. Western Australia. Why DAMATH? Because in its alone manner. Damath board game ushers the Filipino school childs into the new millenary by fiting them with competitory life-long acquisition for understanding and ICT-fluency accomplishments. When school kids play Damath board game they besides learn to research. firm-up. intensify. and reassign to day-to-day undertakings the constructs of existent Numberss and its belongingss and operations. Furthermore. it stimulates the children’s capableness to believe deeper through originative math storytelling. flow chart. construct map. tree diagram. image conundrum. haiku. cryptograph. secret codification decrypting. simulation. function playing. jangle or blame composition. contemplation diary authorship. and job resolution. This game is gratifying and you can larn fast about calculating and using the different operations in Mathematics. Aims of the game â€Å"DAMATH† I. To incorporate the Filipino checkerboard game of Dama into the instruction of mathematical constructs and accomplishments. two. To promote the use of recycled stuffs in building Damath board set ( for schoolroom usage merely ) . three. To analyse Damath as a possible topic of mathematical probes. four. To heighten wholesome interpersonal dealingss among scholars. v. To advance mathematical consciousness among. household members in peculiar and the community in general through the mathematics club’s community outreach Damath competitions. six. To advance consciousness of misss in mathematics [ as male monarch is to the game of cheat. so dama is to Damath ] . History of the game: The game’s name. â€Å"Damath. † comes from the popular board game â€Å"dama† and â€Å"mathematics. † It was invented by Jesus L. Huenda. a instructor in Sorsogon. who had encountered jobs in learning math utilizing traditional instruction methods. Inspired in portion by an investigatory undertaking called â€Å"Dama de Numero† submitted by a pupil in 1975. Huenda overhauled the game and introduced it to his category. who enjoyed playing. Damath grew in popularity so that by 1980. the first Damath tourney was held in Sorsogon. The following twelvemonth. Huenda received a gilded medallion from the late President Ferdinand Marcos for his parts in the field of learning mathematics. The game reached its peak popularity in the ninetiess. when it made the unit of ammunitions of several mathematics instruction conventions all over the universe such as the tenth Conference of the Mathematical Association of Western Australia ( MAWA ) . the UNESCO-ICT4E co nference in Thailand. the SEAMEO RECSAM/SEAMEC conference in Malaysia. and the APEC Learning Community Builders ( ALCoB ) conference in Korea. The Basic game of the Play As the name implies. the game is basically the same as Dama but with an added math turn: in order to win in Damath. a participant must hit the most points which are earned by â€Å"eating† the opponent’s pieces. In Dama. the move ends at that place ; in Damath. the participant must work out the mathematical operation on the square in which the opponent’s piece is presently standing. The reply to that mathematical operation is the sum of points that the participant will have when s/he does â€Å"eat† the opponent’s piece. If the piece marked â€Å"-1† chows the piece marked â€Å"-3. † with â€Å"-3† standing on a generation square. the participant must foremost work out the operation ( -1 x -3 = 3 ) and will acquire three points. The game will travel on until all pieces belonging to a participant have been eaten and the tonss computed. Because of the demand to work out operations. participants must name down all moves during the game so the moves can be reviewed. particularly by the Judgess in a tourney scene.

Macbeth and Integrity Essay

There are seeds of self-destruction buried in all of us that will bare only misfortune if allowed to grow. Macbeth’s guilty path to his des Integrity is define as many things, value, honor, morality, and so on. These principles are the gears that run society. Integrity is one’s identity and to maintain it one must not violate it. Those who are guided solely by their individual ambition will ultimately become a victim of fate leading to the imminent corruption of value, honor, and principles of society. In the words of Henry Thoreau â€Å"There is no value in life except what you choose to place upon it and no happiness in any place except what you bring to it yourself. † Macbeth’s value of his own life is evident in his thoughts â€Å"Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player. † His strife for power guided the events that determined the downfall of his life. His values in life were no longer present and his integrity had collapsed beyond repair, so he vowed to continue with his strife for power knowing that the end of his life was inevitable. Some would question why Macbeth would continue on with his careless strife for power, but when someone has hit â€Å"rock-bottom† they do not think logically. No person was ever honored for what they received. Honor is rewarded for what a person gives. Macbeth was honored by many in the beginning of the story, but this honor was superficial. History has proven that you cannot simply cheat your way to being honored, you must earn it. When you cheat, you lose sight of what is important in your life and Macbeth was a cheater of extreme proportions. When Macbeth heard that his wife had passed he did not care for her, instead he worried more about upcoming threats involving his power â€Å"She should have died hereafter. There would have been a time for such a word. † Ultimately karma prevailed and Macbeth’s inventible downfall was nearing. The foundation of leadership is undoubtedly integrity. Without it, success is not possible. One that gains power or leads without integrity is bound to collapse. Macbeth is a prime example of this. Macbeth uses murder to cheat his way to power. Murder is like potato chips you cannot stop eating after one chip, you continue to eat due to impulse. After several murders Macbeth realizes that his collapse is inevitable, but in his mind he has gone too far to retreat. His life is now nothing more than a slow burning fire waiting to be put out. Creeps in this petty pace from day to day to the last syllable of recorded time, and all our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! † Integrity is one’s identity; inner image. Integrity is not conditional is does not simply change like weather. Macbeth never reached true greatness this is because true greatness is never achieved by cheating you must earn it. To be successful one must be an embodiment of integrity and all its components.

Meli Marine Case Study Essay

†¢ Global commerce trade is primarly dependent on trans-ocean shipping; roughly 90% of general cargo is shipped via container Based on the container shipping value chain, there are several segments to expand and integrate the business and enter the market. This would provide benefit of business diversification hence decreasing risks According to the volume of growth of shipping lanes (Exhibit 6), every lane has steadily increased during the last years and is expected to grow further in the future Meli Marine’s Strategy to Compete in The Industry 1) Greater flexibility in the cost structure by selling older vessels, adding smaller more efficient vessels and reducing the total fleet owned (consolidation) 2) Shifting the focus from feeder to line services (intra-Asia). This brought the advantage to also cover spoke-to-spoke lanes and not only hub-to-spoke 3) Priorization: a narrower set of costumers and shipping products (commodities and perishable products). Hence, investment in specialized containers such as insulated, refrigereted, etc†¦ to back-up the business (core competence) 4) Meli Marine built out its own freight forwarder arm: seamless door-to-door service using an integrated chain service with other transportation systems, achieving a more complete service to the costumers 5) The previous strategies, in particular from 2 to 4, allowed Meli Marine to create its own industry standard that became an added value. In fact, costumers did not switch eventhough the competitors offered the same services to a cheaper price Meli Marine Performance Compared to Key Competitors †¢ Meli Marine is the smallest player in the market in terms of revenues and capital, mainly due to concentration on the intra-Asia lanes. Indeed, constant revenue growth (67%) indicates that there is less opportunities for expansion and growth in Revenues the intra-Asia†¦

The Main Functions of a Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Main Functions of a Manager - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that as an organizer, a manager should be able to organize their teams and other resources according to the obtained plan. Depending on the organizational needs, a manager should select, recruit, train and develop employees. As a leader, a manager should be able to communicate, guide, motivate and encourage the organization’s employees. This means they should also be able to solve problems with employees, coach and assist them. When all has been set in place, the manager has a continuous task of checking results against goals and taking any necessary steps to ensure all goals are met. In order to accomplish the above-mentioned responsibilities, managers adopt different management styles. A good example of these is the consultative/democratic supervision. In this type of management style, the manager uses staff empowerment to ensure tasks are accomplished. Staff empowerment means delegation of authority to staff members hence giving them the responsibilit y of accomplishing their assigned tasks. The employees are free to choose the best method to complete the tasks. However, one rule is that tasks should be accomplished on time. Â  In consultative supervision, employees are motivated and develop a sense of belonging because they are involved in decision making. From its name ‘consultative supervision’, it is clear that managers consult employees before making major decisions. This is unlike the autocratic management style where the manager makes decisions without any consultation and dictates orders to staff. The disadvantage that arises from this type of management style is that decision making takes a long time due to the extensive consultations involved. Some employees could also take advantage of the democratic managers by not working to their full potentials. Assertive communication is the communication style employed in democratic management style. In this case, no one pushes the other beyond their limits.

Introduction of e-banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Introduction of e-banking - Essay Example This scale is regularly used for quantifying the opinions of the respondents (Han and Noh, 1999-2000 and Usoro, 1999). Electronic Banking (e-banking) is an extremely fast growing segment in the banking sector throughout the world. It is an example where information technology is used as an enabler and a facilitator of business activities both inside and amongst the various types of organizations (Applegate et al., 1996). It is estimated by Forrester Research that e-banking transactions will grow in value to $590 billion by 2007. It is with the concurrent reform of banking regulations and technological advances occurring across the world, multiple consumers and businesses are currently able to carry out on-line activities without visiting a store, and companies can carry out transactions and serve clients without the necessity to set up infrastructure in a commercial district. Such a radical change is a direct consequence of the progress of information technology, particularly through mediums like Electronic Data Interchange and the Internet and the internal network of the organization. ... Introduction Electronic Banking (e-banking) is an extremely fast growing segment in the banking sector throughout the world. It is an example where information technology is used as an enabler and a facilitator of business activities both inside and amongst the various types of organizations (Applegate et al., 1996). It is estimated by Forrester Research that e-banking transactions will grow in value to $590 billion by 2007. It is with the concurrent reform of banking regulations and technological advances occurring across the world, multiple consumers and businesses are currently able to carry out on-line activities without visiting a store, and companies can carry out transactions and serve clients without the necessity to set up infrastructure in a commercial district. Such a radical change is a direct consequence of the progress of information technology, particularly through mediums like Electronic Data Interchange and the Internet and the internal network of the organization. Though in the majority of the business areas the execution of ecommerce is a rent development, it has the possibility to radically change economic activities and the social milieu. (Kalakota and Winston,1996). This has significant strategic inferences for organizations, especially in the banking sector. This is so since, as the main business settlement agents, banks are inescapably faced with basic managerial and technological tests created by the advent of e-banking. Areas Impacted By E Banking Solutions Banks, in particular, should reflect on how they can optimally maintain clients who are transacting business by electronic means, and also how the banks can themselves discover new opportunities to endorse their services and product

Importance of Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Importance of Corporate governance - Essay Example However, different types of definitions are provided in various reports. A very simple definition can be found in the reports like South African King Report and Kingdom Cadbury Report. In these reports corporate governance is defined as a â€Å"system by which companies are directed and controlled† (du Plessis, et al, 2010). Clearer definitions began to come after two big companies namely Enron and HIH Insurance Ltd collapsed. In 2007, Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) released a proper definition where corporate governance is said to be a framework of rules, systems, processes and relationships by and within which authority is controlled and exercised in corporations (du Plessis, et al, 2010). With the rise of globalization an aspect that has come up as a significant issue is the convergence of corporate governance systems. This paper attempts to gain insight into this issue. It tries to find out whether the convergence of various governance systems is actually possible or not. In the process of doing that, the paper includes several important data that are collected from different books and previous research works. Not just facts, but a major portion of the paper is consisted of the analysis of these facts. Corporate Governance Before getting straight into the main subject i.e. ‘convergence of corporate governance systems’, one must have enough idea about the concept known as ‘corporate governance’. The introductory paragraph contains few definitions of the term, but they are needed to be further explained. According to Prasad, corporate governance is the relationship that has existence among various participants and that define the performance as well as the direction of corporate firms (Prasad, 2006). He believes that the main actors who play crucial role in corporate governance include the CEO, the shareholders and the board of directors. Beside them there are actors like employees, customers and suppliers who are also c apable of influencing the governance system in a particular organization (Prasad, 2006). There are number of essential elements that are associated with corporate governance. Seven of such elements which are mentioned in South African King Report (2002) are transparency, discipline, independence, responsibility, accountability, social responsibility and fairness. In 2003, ASX recognized important principles that are basis of good corporate governance (du Plessis, et al, 2010). Strong foundations for management’s roles, structure of the board that is capable of adding value, responsible and ethical decision making are some of these crucial principles that make the governance an effective one. Convergence of Corporate Governance Systems Over the past few years experts from both professional as well as academic world have been arguing whether the governance systems that are present across various nations should be converged or not. It is observed that there are different governa nce models that are in use in several countries. For instance, the outsider model has been followed mainly in US and United Kingdom. On other side, there is insider model which has been followed in other OECD countries like France, Germany and Australia. Another system namely, the family/state system is found in nation like Sweden (Nestor & Thompson, n.d.). Over the years global business environment has experienced significant changes. Changed situations

Ensuring a safe Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ensuring a safe Workplace - Essay Example Productivity of an employee depends on the surrounding during task delivering. Therefore, it would be wise to support the enhancement of the working environment for the employees. Arguing for my position requires one to take a bold stand as those taken by the likes of Malcolm X and Karl Marx. Employees are and will continue to be the engine of an organization, and regardless of the level of input they add to the firm. It is a wish of all organizations to be leading in terms of sale, and brand, and to achieve that employees are a critical aspect. Conducive working environment makes employees feel safe in their daily endeavor, and this motivates them. It should never be considered blindly that employees will risk their lives for the sake of building a firm’s reputation. According to (Noe, 2006), Human Resource Management has evolved over the years to view employees as an asset rather than job seeker only after pay. In an organization where hazardous products are being handled emergency measures should be in place to salvage any outbreak (â€Å"Managing health, safety and working environment†, 2009). Esteem of employees is enhanced on how they are treated at their workstation. An employee is just like any other individual whose esteem will be improved by the surrounding. For instance, an organization where the manager uses abusive terms when addressing the employees has a severe impact on the employee’s esteem. Low esteem among employees has been identified as the cause low productivity. Human resource manager needs to ensure the employees are psychologically safe which determines the degree of job concentration. Welfare of the staffs should not be considered as secondary need while they are on duty within the organization. If the workstation is viewed as a home by employees, then productivity from them will be to the optimum. According to (PetrylaitÄâ€", &

BSkyB and ESPN Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BSkyB and ESPN Research - Essay Example The vital objective behind employing an effective system of performance measurement could be stated to enhance the performance and the productivity of a particular organisation. The application of such a system would aid the organisation to serve its respective employees, stakeholders, customers and owners in an increasingly better manner (Johnson, 2006). The implementation of an accurate system of performance measurement would help to bring out the information which would evidently indicate the health along with the future and the present position of a business. The system of measuring the performance of an organisation would provide with necessary and vital information regarding the ways of enhancing the prospects and minimising the challenges posed to an organisation. An appropriate system of performance measurement facilitates an organisation to plan, gauge and manage its overall business performance in accordance with an already set strategy. In other words, it can be stated tha t such a system would facilitate a specific business to attain the aspired results and would also enable the organisation to create shareholder worth (Johnson, 2006). The Balanced Scorecard The system of balanced scorecard (BSC) is considered to be the most broadly employed system of gauging the performance of an organisation in the present day context. This particular system entails the parameters of measuring the performance from few different aspects. These aspects include a customer perspective, learning as well as an innovative perspective, financial perspective and an internal perspective related to the business process (Johnson, 2006). With the aid of the employment of such different perspectives, this system takes into concern both kinds of performance measures that is leading as well as lagging. The consideration of both the kinds of performance measures aids in delivering and ascertaining an increasingly balanced perception with regard to the performance of the organisatio n. The leading indicators entail vital measures like customer contentment, timely delivery, development of fresh products and developing the capabilities of the employees. The conventional lagging indicators take into concern the financial measures like the factor of profitability and increase in the revenue. This system of balanced scorecard is considered to be beneficial and effective for organisations as it facilitates the organisations to bring into line each and every staff level towards a particular strategy for the purpose of carrying it out more successfully (Johnson, 2006). Suggested Balanced Scorecard Measures for BSkyB and ESPN Both the considered organisations i.e. BSkyB and ESPN need to implement the measures with regard to the balanced scorecard system which would aid the organisations to monitor their respective performances. The organisations would need to evidently state its mission statement. After this the strategic purposes in harmony with its mission statement n eeds to be recognised. Determination of the strategic aims would aid the companies to develop a comprehension regarding the role of

Schooling Children with Down Syndrome by Freire, Greene and Kliewer Essay

Schooling Children with Down Syndrome by Freire, Greene and Kliewer - Essay Example In this ‘banking concept of education’ students are seen as â€Å"adaptable, manageable beings. The more students work at storing the deposits entrusted to them, the less they develop the critical consciousness which would result from their intervention in the world as transformers of that world.† (Friere, 1997, p.54) Under this system not only is there a supposed knowledge asymmetry between the teacher and the pupil, but the former also holds professional authority that is not always grounded on merit. Moreover, this banking education minimizes or annuls the students’ creative energies so as to serve the interests of the oppressors, whose primary motive is not progress or critical inquiry. To the contrary, under the humanitarian veil of the educators lies their intention to perpetuate the status quo. Maxine Greene’s article titled Teaching for Social Justice is similar in tenor to that of Paulo Freire’s. The history of human societies is full of instances of the privileged few (the oppressors) dominating the majority rest through explicit and implicit means. Where brute force proved unviable, sophisticated indoctrination through education ensured domination. Further, â€Å"the privileged few were the ones with the opportunities to map and dominate the linguistic universe. The imbalance, the undeserved advantages in that domain as well as in the socioeconomic and political worlds is evidences of the most glaring social injustice.† (Greene, 1988 p.29) It is in this context that an educational system be devised, whose end is to ensure that each citizen is at the least entitled to develop and build his/her â€Å"intellectual, social, emotional, and expressive capacities†. (Greene, 1988, p.29) Consistent with the arguments made by Paulo Freire, Marine Greene too advocates a new way of looking at our educational institutions and their underlying motives. Contrary to what the system produces, she espouses Teachin g for Social Justice. Here, teaching is to project â€Å"what we believe ought to be – not merely where moral frameworks are concerned, but in material arrangements for people in all spheres of society. Moreover, teaching for social justice is teaching for the sake of arousing the kinds of vivid, reflective, experiential responses that might move students to come together in serious efforts to understand what social justice actually means and what it might demand.† (Greene, 1988, p.30) Kliewer’s article focusing on the special needs of Down syndrome children is also of a similar vein to the other two articles. The author feels that current understanding of this health condition and schooling possibilities for children afflicted with it is quite limited. (Kliewer, 1988) And hence educators should be more open and inclusive of children of different capabilities as they draw up their curricula. In essence, there is much convergence in the content and thrust of the three articles as they express their concern about mainstream education today. After having read these three articles and based on my own educational experience in childhood, I am mostly in agreement with the views expressed by Freire, Greene and Kliewer. Formal education is something most children in our country have the privilege of attending. To its credit, the education system in the United States has extended literacy and math skills to several generations of students. As a result, the country overall has become more educated. The percentage of young adults passing high-school

Social psychology Criminal Justice Systems Essay

Social psychology Criminal Justice Systems - Essay Example This implies that for the errands of moderate complication e.g. EWT, performances augments with stress till an optimal point is attained where it begins to decline (Bell & Jones, 1994). According to Bartlett theory, recall/memory is subject to individual interpretation dependent on our cultural or learnt norms plus values i.e. the manner in which individuals make sense of world in which we live (Loftus, 1996). This is the concentration by an eyewitness on the weapon in particular to the omission of additional details of an offence. Where a weapon is involved in a crime, it is common for the witness to correctly describe a weapon in detail rather than the individual holding it (Ross, Read & Toglia, 1994). Cases which have eyewitness testimony have a higher probability of producing convictions (Visher, 1987). Jurors are doubtful of the eyewitnesses with low memory regarding details whereas they might be more accurate owing to the fact that they were concentrating on the face of the culprit instead (Wells & Leippe, 1988). Mutually, incorrect and correct eyewitnesses are trusted eighty percent of the time (Wells et al., 1979). All these shows the influence attached to persuasive eyewitness. According to Stambor (2006), "of the... 78% were wrongful convictions based on eyewitness misidentification." Eyewitnesses tend to be more confident as opposed to being accurate and this influences jurors who in turn trust them. This shows that eyes can be deceiving. Strong emotions, expectations, current knowledge and beliefs affect memories. Evocative questioning incorporates deceptive information into the memory. It is not possible to distinguish real memories from the force memories. All these can be attributed to misinformation effect. The error can be reduced by (1) training the police interviewers. Research has shown that cognitive interview after spontaneous recollections augments information by fifty percent without raising the fake memory rate. (2) Reducing fake lineup identifications. This can be achieved by eliminating composites and arrays, paying attention to the identification time, using sequential lineup, prohibiting post-identification feedback, using blind testing processes with neutral and scripted questions and reminding a witness of the fact that the suspect might not be included in the lineup. (3) Educating the jurors. What other factors influence juror judgments Defendant's characteristics The characteristics of the defendant are in terms of resemblance to the juror (e.g. same language, political beliefs and expectations of conventional conduct), and the physical attractiveness. Despite the fact that juror do not disregard the "facts" of a particular case whilst deliberating, in case the evidence turns out to be lacking or ambiguous, there is a high probability for them to allow personality character of the defendant to persuade their decisions. According to research on influence of similarities of a defendant to a jury by Mazzella and Feingold (1994), "Mock-jurors punished white

The Pen is Mightier than Sword Essay Example for Free

The Pen is Mightier than Sword Essay Is the sword mightier than the pen or vice-versa? I think the pen is inevitably mightier than the sword. A pen can do a lot more things than a sword. Unlike a sword, it can be both constructive and destructive. And its destructive power is stronger than the sword’s. The power of a pen is out of people’s imagination. First, the pen is much more influential than the sword. Some may say that a pen cannot hurt anyone, but a sword can actually kill someone. However, what matters the most is not the pen itself, but the words. As history and facts have revealed, the impacts of wars cannot last long. It can last for a few centuries, at most. Yet books can last for thousands of years. For example, the Holy Bible is the most influential book that has ever been published. Many people study and read it every day. Moreover, it changes people’s lives. It is not only that the Holy Bible that influence people, but a lot of classic books are also playing an important role in inspiring and guiding people. Moreover, a pen can hurt others eternally. As a matter of fact, a sword can cause trauma in someone. Yet that kind of trauma is physical and can be healed. However, for most of the time, the wound, which is caused by words, cannot be healed easily. For example, if you have a fight with your friends, and you quarrel with them, you may talk to each other after a few days. But if you write a letter to revile your friends, you may not be able to be friends with them anymore. It is because the harms that words can bring to others can be huge. Finally, a pen can control people’s minds. People can use a sword to force others to do something, but they are never willing to do. Yet, a pen can actually make people to something with all their might, no matter whether the thing is merciful or felonious. There was a notorious man in history, who knew the fact that a pen can control people’s minds, caused a big war. That man was Adolf Hitler. He used his speeches to control people’s minds, and caused a poignant disaster in history. In conclusion, people can do huge things with a pen, as it can control people’s minds, cause trauma on others eternally, and influence people. The power of a pen can change a person’s mind from inside out, while a sword can only hurt or kill the body. The sword is powerful, but the pen is much more powerful.

Types of Essay and Examples Essay Example for Free

Types of Essay and Examples Essay The Expository Essay The main function of the expository essay is to explain, or to acquaint your reader with something; it can be used to describe, explain or present some information. In order to write an expository essay, preparation and background research will be required. This will arm you with facts and information that will be subsequently conveyed to your reader. Expository writing will also require you to show understanding of the chosen topic – this is why many professors and tutors choose this essay type to check how well a student has mastered a given topic. In their most common form, expository essays will take about 5 paragraphs; however, classes and instructors may require them to be larger in size. No matter the size, an essay should at all times include an introduction and a conclusion – the body length may vary. The Persuasive Essay If you have to persuade your reader about something, your essay becomes a persuasive one. With this type of writing you will need not only to prove your point, but will also have to persuade your opposition that your viewpoint is logical and well founded, and thus – better. In this case, you are no longer merely showing what you know; you are convincing the reader that you are correct in your viewpoint. In order to write this kind of essay it is important to prepare in advance by choosing a side, making a case for it, anticipating alternative arguments and finding ways how to refute them. You must be aware of other sides of the argument and be fair to them; dismissing them completely will weaken your own argument. It is always best to take a side that you believe in, preferably with the most supporting evidence. It can often be educational to adopt a different position from what you might normally choose (debating requires this kind of flexibility). The Informal Essay The informal essay is a type of essay written mainly for enjoyment. This is not to say that it cannot be informative or persuasive; however, it is a less formal statement with a more relaxed expression of opinion, observation or humor. A good informal essay has a relaxed style but retains a strong structure, though the structure may be less rigid than a formal paper. The informal essay tends to be more personal than the formal, even though both may express subjective opinions. In a formal essay the writer is in a silent presence behind the words, while in an informal essay the writer is speaking directly to the reader in a conversational manner. If you are writing informally, try to maintain a sense of your own personality. Do not worry about sounding academic, but make sure you avoid sloppiness. Explaining Writing or Concept Essay Explaining essays inform the reader about something they don’t know.These are essays that teach, so you will often find this sort of writing in textbooks, instruction manuals and any information source online.Your purpose in this essay is to inform your readers about an aspect of a concept they may not know about or have thought about before. These sorts of essays may explain and event, explain a cause, or explain what or who. See my other hubs for information on event and cause essays. The Review A review may be either formal or informal, depending on the context. Its goal is to evaluate a specific piece, perhaps a novel or movie. This implies that the reviewers personal opinion plays a significant role in the process. Despite a degree of subjectivity, a certain objective standard needs to be maintained and, as in a persuasive essay, your assertions need to be proved. The formality of the review will be determined by how much of the essay is analysis, how much is summary, and how much is your reaction to the work you are reviewing. A more formal review will not only discuss the work or its own merits but will also place it in context. Newspapers and popular magazines tend to review in terms of finance, e.g. is this record or film worth spending money on? Critical journals will attempt to determine whether a new novel or play has achieved something new and significant. A good review will discuss both these qualities and the importance of a given work. The Research Essay The research essay leads you into the works of others and asks you to compare their thoughts with your own. Writing a research paper involves going to source material and synthesizing what you learned from it with your own ideas. You must find texts on the subject and use them to support the topic you have been given to explore. Since it is easy to become lost in a wilderness of outside material, you must take particular care in narrowing your topic. The greatest inherent danger in the research essay is plagiarism. If your paper consists of a string of quotations or paraphrases with little input of your own, you are not synthesizing but copying, and you should expect a low grade. If any of the borrowings are unacknowledged, you are plagiarizing and the penalties are severe. The Literary Essay In the literary essay, you are exploring the meaning and construction of a piece of literature. This task is more complicated than reviewing, though the two are similarly evaluative. In a review you are discussing the overall effect and validity of a work, while in a literary essay you are paying greater attention to specifics. A literary essay focuses on such elements as structure, character, theme, style, tone, and subtext. You are taking a piece of writing and trying to discover how and why it is put together the way that it is. You must adopt a viewpoint on the work in question and show how the details of the work support your viewpoint. A literary essay may be your own interpretation, based only on your reading of the piece, or it may be a mixture of your opinions and references to the criticism of others, much like a research paper. Again, be wary of plagiarism and of letting the opinions of more experienced writers swamp your own response to the work. If you are going to consult the critics, you should re-read the literary work you are discussing and make some notes on it before looking at any other opinions. The Argumentative Essay The art of argumentation is not an easy skill to acquire. Many people might think that if one simply has an opinion, one can argue it effectively, and these folks are always surprised when others dont agree with them because their logic seems so correct. Additionally, writers of argumentation often forget that their primary purpose in an argument is to win it – to sway the reader to accept their point of view. It is easy to call names, easy to ignore the point of view or research of others, and extremely easy to accept ones own opinion as gospel, even if the writer has not checked his or her premise in a couple of years, or, as is the case for many young writers, never questioned the beliefs inherited from others. Want to know what you think about something? Then write an argumentative essay. To be fair, however, youll find that one of the first things you must do is become an expert on the issue. When you pick a topic, you should avoid writing about issues that cannot be won, no matter how strongly you might feel about them. The five hottest topics of our time seem to be gun control, abortion, capital punishment, freedom of speech, and probably the most recent, euthanasia, or the right to die. If possible, avoid writing about these topics because they are either impossible to win, or because your instructor is probably sick of reading about them and knows all the pros and cons by heart (this could put you at a serious disadvantage). If you have difficulty picking a decent topic for your essay, feel free to check out our list of good argumentative essay topics. Either way, the topics may be some fine reading material, because most people are somewhat aware of the problems and can then concentrate on understanding the method of argument itself. But care should be taken; if you read one side, you also read the other. Far too many individuals only read the side that they already believe in. These issues cannot be won for good reason: each touches on matters of faith and beliefs that for many people are unsha kable and deeply private. The Cause and Effect Essay The cause and effect essay includes some elements of writing that might be considered more professional than those a descriptive or narrative essay might include. It is very important, for instance, that your tone be reasonable, and that your presentation be factual and believable. Sources are often required in a cause/effect paper, and your choice of these sources is important as they reflect on the validity of your paper. Additionally, the first-person point of view does not work; you should sound objective and impartial. Consider the following sentences: I believe that gun control measures should be taken in every hamlet in America. Gun control measures should be taken in every hamlet in America. In the first sentence, the first person is used. This would work in a narrative, but here it actually limits the meaning of the sentence to just the writer, and it makes the writer sound weak – as if he were justifying himself or herself. The second sentence is much more forceful. It makes a statement and does not limit itself to just what the writer believes. The purpose of a cause and effect paper is to be as convincing as possible, and to convince readers to accept the cause/effect as fact. The Comparison and Contrast Essays The main purpose and function of compare and contrast essays is obvious – to find similarities and dissimilarities between two or more objects or things. This kind of writing requires the writer to be an observer; in most cases it doesn’t require scholarly research or any specific referencing. Such essays are mostly subjective in nature, and writers are required to come up with differences or similarities they are able to point out and analyze. There are different compare and contrast patterns for these essays, yet the overall essay structure remains invariable: there should be an introduction, a few body paragraphs and a conclusion. While working on your compare and contrast essay, don’t forget to use the so-called cue words. These words help you to tie paragraphs together by means of small logical connectors. For example, you can use words like: on the one hand/on the other hand, this is such/in contrast, however, like, as well, too, unlike, though, but etc. These words will pull your essay together and will make it hold better. Check out an article that covers our compare and contrast essays in detail – and good luck with your writing! Expository Essay Sample The Internet and Society Modern society has undergone radical development in the last 20 years. Computers were once just a means to solve mathematical equations. Rapid advances in technology have altered the way in which people interact with computers, as well as the functionality of these smart machines. With the advent of a worldwide and nearly universally accessible web, the way in which we interact with each other has changed drastically. People from all over the world can instantaneously exchange both business and personal information. Internet commerce has become a huge part of the daily lives of millions, as well as social networking and streaming media. Most recently, portable electronics capable of nearly all internet-related tasks have become a common possession for the average middle-aged American. The unlimited free exchange of information has changed, and is continuing to change, in very profound way, society at large. â€Å"The internet is probably most famous for the ability to spread information, fact or fiction.†(Nikolovska, 2007) Despite the many positive influences the internet has had on our society, one cannot ignore the negative repercussions. Many vendors have become faceless, and the examination of goods prior to purchase has been reduced to pictures. While there are many reputable online stores, there are those with less ethical aims. People must be wary of any and all information sharing and purchases conducted online, to avoid the transfer of funds or personal data to unscrupulous entities. Likewise, information obtained via the internet needs to be scrutinized in order to determine accuracy. According to the 2010 U.S. Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator Annual Report on Intellectual Property Enforcement â€Å"The digital environment†¦ presents enormous challenges to businesses, consumers, governments, citizens, communities, and families, particularly as new tec hnologies and platforms disrupt traditional business models, means of governance and modes of private communication and expression† In essence, the Internet has begun to change nearly every aspect of our lives and shows no signs of stopping. Personal safety threats related to the popularity of social networks, especially amongst the youngsters, is another huge Internet-related issue. â€Å"They are taking us somewhere exciting, but we have to work out how we deal with the fading boundaries these tools have left in their wake, and that means rewriting our social rules as we go along†(Hoover, 2009). With the human race being a social specie by nature, it was inevitable that new advanced methods of communication would eventually be developed. The Internet has revolutionized interpersonal communication since its inception with advances such as email and instant messaging. More recently, websites devoted entirely to communication have emerged. The most popular example of such social networks is Facebook. Members of various social networks input personal data, upload photographs, and personalize many aspects of their own unique pages within the site. They may then connect and share this information with as many people as they desire. The social networks have gained such popularity that one is nearly certain to find their friends and co-workers via online means. implications are unforeseeable. A world in which all people may communicate openly with one another, regardless of the physical distance between them, was once no more than a very tempting idea, but is now the norm. The world is very much analogous to an organism, and to quote a fictional doctor: â€Å"All organisms evolve and develop along patterns only recognized in retrospect.†

Personal Reflection On Infection Control In United Kingdom Nursing Essay

Personal Reflection On Infection Control In United Kingdom Nursing Essay It is highly believed within the health care industry that Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI) are a grave worry and concern for the public of the United Kingdom (Nunkoo and Pickles 2008). When it is considered that Clostridium Difficile, commonly referred to as C-diff, is a HCAI it is made apparent that the public are greatly aware of this problem due to the fact that a high percentage of people are aware of this infection (Bosanquet 2009). The Healthcare Commission (2005) have also noted their concerns over this problem both the actual problem clinical areas have at the moment and also the potential problems that C-diff actually poses within hospitals a concern that the Department of Health (2009) also holds. These problems are also acknowledged by numerous additional sources who suggest that infection control in itself is required to be heightened in awareness and practice (Jenkinson et al 2006) making it a significant factor within primary care, a statement which is reiterated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2006). Due to the significance of this issue the author has chosen to reflect on an incident that she encountered whilst on placement within an acute hospital ward regarding this matter. The author has chosen to reflect on this particular incident she encountered using Johns reflection model (1990) with the intention of accessing, making sense of and learning through a specific experience (Johns 1994). The situation chosen for reflection has been classified by the author as being a critical incident. This claim is due to the fact that the experience resulted in thought provocation. Smith and Jack (2005) agree with this when they claim that a critical incident is an experience that results in individuals thinking about what has happened or indeed what is happening, resulting in the provoking of thought within an individual, just as happened in the authors experience. Description Whilst on placement within an acute hospital I encountered a situation that provoked thoughts and feelings within me alongside a desire to further research the subject. I was on a morning shift and was asked by another staff member to help them with a lady patient in a side room that was being barrier nursed due to her being positive for c-diff. Before entering the room to assist the staff member I washed my hands and put on my apron and gloves and then continued to help the staff nurse with the patient. When the task had been completed I proceeded to take the cardboard liner out of the commode and checked with the staff nurse that I was to leave my protective clothing on whilst leaving the room to go to the sluice and dispose of the patients waste and the cardboard liner. The staff nurse told me that hospital policy stated that I would be right in doing exactly that and therefore I proceeded to do so before removing my protective clothing and washing my hands. REFLECTION For this reflective assignment the author has chosen to use Johns (1990) model of reflection due to the belief that she holds that this will ensure that she is to delve through her rationale for actions and the feelings provoked. With regards to this particular incident the author intends to reflect-on-action so that the experience of the situation can be turned into knowledge therefore providing the oppurtunity of being able to learn from what occurred. Jasper (2003) suggests that this is credible due to the fact that reflecting-on-action as opposed to in-action changes the experience of the individual into knowledge. What is c-diff? what does it do? How often does it occur? In 2007 The Health Protection Agency (2007a) reported that there were over fifty thousand noted cases of c diff that presented within individuals over the age of 65. What is it now What does office of national statistics say HPA claim reduction Who does and who doesnt All hospitals are legally bound to ensure that legislation is followed by all staff something that is stated by numerous differing government led organisations including the Health and Safety Executive (2003) who reiterate the statement made by the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) that states HOW MANY HOSPITAL TRUST DO THIS? STATISTICS The documents Winning Ways (DH 2003a) and the Matrons Charter (2004) outlined important areas in the control of infection and acted as a catalyst for local action. According to Shuttleworth (2007) local targets have been set to reduce C diff by twenty five per cent by introducing initiatives to improve knowledge, practical skills in infection prevention and control such as guidelines recently updated (Pratt et al 2007) and DHs and National Health Service (NHS) Modernisation Agencys Saving Lives: A Delivery Programme to Reduce Healthcare Associated Infection (2005). The government (DH 2007b) provided tools and resources to embed robust infection prevention endorsed by the HCC (DH 2007c) by publishing Essential steps to safe, clean care that mirrors Saving Lives but is specific to primary care. These are based on standard principles of infection control such as isolating patients and implementing barrier precautions that must be applied routinely to prevent HCAI transmission (Gould 200 9). Defining the role of the nurse is a difficult task however the role the nurse has within infection control measures is that they are responsible for ensuring that policies and procedures are always followed. It is agreed by Health Protection Agency (2007) AND The Royal College of Nursing (2008) that one of these roles of the nurse is to ensure that individual patients that are confirmed to have c-diff are placed in a side room where they have access to their own toileting fascilities. WHY IS THIS. As stated this is the nurses role however this is not always possible to fulfill due to the fact that side rooms are not always available and the actual layout of wards within hospitals often limit the possibilities of individual toilet fascilities HOW DO I KNOW THIS/. WHEN THIS IS NOT POSS WHAT ARE THE RISKS? HOW FAR CAN SPORES TRAVEL? WHO SAYS WHAT ABOUT THIS SITUATION Johnson and Gelding (2004) claim that even after thoroughly cleaning patient areas C-diff spores can still be found a claim that suggests that after a patient is moved out of a sideroom if they had c-diff confirmed whilst they were being nursed in the room even after cleaning the contamination risk is still apparent. WHAT DOES HCC SAY ABOUT THIS? AND ANYONE ELSE? EXPAND THIS. How does cdiff spread? Hands, environment? Air? Hall and Horsley (2007) suggest that c-diff spores can be spread to patients from the environment however it is individuals who visit the hospital not following the requested hand hygiene that is blamed by Banfield and Kerr (2005). WHICH IS IT OR IS IT BOTH WHO SAYS SOME PEOPLE CLAIM THAT THERE ARE NO SPORES IN THE ENVIRONMENT AT ALL BUT WHO HAND WASHING After washing hands they must be completely dried using a paper towel that is then disposed of (Johnson and Gerding 2004) however this is not agreed by Yamaoto et al (2005) who claim that drying washed hands using warm air may well be a more successful way of limiting bacteria that may be on the hands. WHAT DO NICE SAY AND RCN AND DOFH Arguably hand washing can be classified as being one of the important and utmost effective methods of reducing HCAI (Pittet et al 2000). The World Health Organization (2004) holds this to be at the forefront of its Global Patient Safety Challenge something that Gould et al (2007) supports. Hand washing is advised to be done at specific times within situations in a healthcare setting one of which is before and after contact with any patient (Department of Health 2008). The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2003) support this statement along with numerous additional governing bodies. The Department of Health (2008) continue that when hands are washed they should be done so with soap and water. The rationale behind this method was recommended in 2001 by the Infection Control Nurses Association due to the fact that soap and water supporting the correct technique helps the skin oil layer to be removed which is the one that retains c diff spores. In addition to this it is suggest ed that the hands are dried once again by a specific and rigorous technique which uses a paper towel that is deemed to be disposable (Johnson and Gerding 2004). This claim is not supported by everybody, Yamaoto et al (2005) believe that drying hands with a paper towel is less effective than leaving them to dry by air, suggesting that this technique would minimize the amount of becteria present on the hands. Alcohol gels are nowadays commonly used therefore rendering soap and water as replaced in many situations and environments. Using alcohol gel prior to and post patient contact is a recommendation that NICE (2003) supported with the exception of when hands can be seen to be soiled to the naked eye. NICE (2003) recommend using an alcohol-based hand-rub before and after patient contact, unless hands are visibly soiled of which case then implement liquid soap and water and an effective hand-washing technique. EPIC 2 (DH2007e) support this claim though believe alcohol is not effective against C diff microorganisms and suggests the nurse must consider the need to remove transient and/or resident hand flora. Non-compliance of this suggestion EPIC 2 (DH 2007e) believe presents a direct clinical threat to patients. Wilson (2006), Pellowe et al (2007) believes hand hygiene technique and the principles of infection control are too complex for staff to comply or perhaps too complicated for healthcare professionals to in-cooperate into everyday routine (Yamaoto 2005 et al). Jenkins (2004) recognizes staff hand hygiene is poor and is part of the nurses role (Supported by DH Chief Medical Officer 2002). IS IT LOW STAFFING LEVELS OR WRONGLY PLACED EQUIPMENT OR INDIVIDUAL NURSES ATTITUDES THAT AFFECTS HAND WASHING IT IS PART OF THE NURSES ROLE Jenkins (2004) suggests that hand hygiene of health care staff is not at a high level despite it being part of the nurses role within the hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.WHO SAYS IT IS NURSE ROLE The following of stringent infection control policies and regulations often are not carried out which is something that can be due to numerous different factors. Different organisations and individuals put the blame for any lapses in infection control procedures down to different things including the belief that it is the mixture of skills and qualifications that are employed on a ward (Pellowe et al 2007). Additional factors believed to be responsible include the attitudes held by individual staff and the social norms of the actual ward environment (Pellowe et al 2007) however this is not the main influencing factor believed by all. Hugonnet et al (2007) suggest that they are in agreement with the idea of the ward environment playing an important part as they claim that the positioning of equipment for example sinks and cleaning products is something that can increase or decrease infection control guidelines being followed. This in itself is not something that is agreed by the HCC ( 2006) who state that the spread of infection within hospital settings is heightened due to shortage of staff on wards. However, the author believes that if shortage of staff was to blame then poor infection control would be evident on all wards that have this denominator which is not the case. DISPOSABLE GLOVES, APRON It seems that numerous organisations agree that to reduce the risk of cross contamination and infection itself protective clothing should be worn. The government themselves state that disposable aprons and gloves should be worn by all staff when caring for individuals whom are not only confirmed to be infected yet also when they are suspected to be (Department of Health 2007a). This is reiterated by the Royal College of Nursing (2008) who also suggest that this is important in reducing infection. There is some contradiction in beliefs regarding the use of plastic disposable aprons after hand washing with Hateley (2003) suggesting that this prevents any microorganism to clothing transmission, this is reiterated by numerous people including Wilson et al (2007) and HCC (2006). This is not agreed by Babb et al (1983) when they claimed that microorganisms are not completely prevented by the use of these specific aprons however a reduction was believed to occur. Gould (2009) take this one stage further in the suggestion that upon exposure to any excreta aprons should be worn before stringent disposal immediately after exposure, a statement that is supported by NICE (2003). Although there is agreeance between NICE (2003) and Gould (2009) there is no specific specification that denotes when gloves should be changed, be it before leaving the particular isolated environment or after. It is stated that wearing protective clothing of any sorts is not necessary upon the entry into an isolated environment (Gould 2009) however this same author claims that when in practice protective clothing should be worn at all times due to the chance of patients requesting assistance. This somewhat contradicts the first claim that protective clothing is not required when entering high risk areas yet is actually required in general practice upon the pretense that help could be asked for. It can be seen from this that the evidence and recommendations with regards to protective clothing are somewhat confusing at times. Derbyshire County Barrier Precautions Policy (2007) further add to this confusion when they stipulate that before leaving any infected area gloves should be removed suggesting that they should actually be worn in the first place. This policy then continues with a suggestion that any members of staff with any materials needing maceration should indeed change their gloves at just before the point of actually handling the door to the sluice, alongside this they claim that protective clothing should indeed be worn throughout the whole of the task until completion. If Gould (2009) is to be followed then no protective clothing would have been worn in the first place in the isolated area. This confusion only enhances with the addition of clinical waste disposal, something that by admittance by is found to be confusing to members of the healthcare team (Gould 2009). Following the recommendations of Gould (2009) any items for the macerator should be taken directly into the sluice whilst protective clothing is still being worn resulting in immediate disposal in the macerator. The protective gloves and apron is then said to be required to be discarded into correct refuse prior to washing hands. Gould (2009) continues to state that in an ideal world any patients that may be infected with c diff should have one of either their own individual en suite toileting facilities or their own individual commode. The later of these two statements has enhancement from the Department of Health (2008) who state specifically that this commode should not leave the patients room. So clearly from these authors and organisations it can be clearly seen that the evidence and suggestions are indeed confusing. The Royal College of Nursing (2008) claim that when wearing gloves a warm and moist environment is created which in turn leads to the possibility of microorganisms growing in vast numbers. Hateley (2003) reiterates this claim alongside Pratt et al (2007) who suggest that upon glove removal soap and water be used to wash hands as mentioned earlier in this text. When I was tasked with disposing of the infected waste I wanted to ensure that I did so using evidence based practice so as to minimize, if not completely eradicate, any risk of cross contamination whilst taking the waste from one area to another where the macerator was based. I was aware of the potential risk of contaminating the environment along the corridors of the ward and did not want to do this and put other patients and staff at risk therefore I needed to question my practice. The contents of the bed pan could have spilled on the floor or the paper towels which would have resulted in spores being released into the surrounding environment. I did consider using my elbow to open the door handle in the patients room and the one leading to the sluice yet came to the realization that this could have resulted in spillage onto either myself or the surrounding environment. O Callaghan (2005) stated that any challenge that nursing practice may receive could possibly add to any changes to policies and or practice regarding infection control procedures and barrier nursing. If Mohanna and Chambers (2001) is to be believed then risk management can be deemed to be an integral factor within clinical governance. Throughout this experience I did hold an awareness of the principles of barrier nursing. This led me to challenge this specific wards policies on the best practice for taking the bed pan from the patients room to the sluice. When I walked down the corridor with only paper towels covering the bed pan I was aware of the possibility that I may well have been spreading c diff spores. This could have had huge implications for all within the surrounding environment. Upon opening the door handles I was more than aware that my gloves had a high risk of being contaminated yet there was nothing I could do to eliminate this. My feelings at the time, are as they still are, ones of hypocrisy. I felt slightly shamed at the fact that I lacked the knowledge to stand and challenge the policy in a greater depth. INFLUENCING FACTORS. One of the first influencing factors of this situation was the recognition that the ward, its patients and staff were intitled to the very best of care. The NMC code of conduct (2008) state that all nursing staff have a duty of care. Within this very code it is stipulated that nursing staff hold a role that means they are expected to prevent patients from infection and protect them at all times. It also stipulates that nurses have a professional duty which includes providing evidence based practice and care that is up to date. The whole scenario was obviously one that would cause the patient to lose their dignity thereofr eI was more than aware of the need to dispose of the excreta immediately and safely. This dignity was what I was trying to protect when covering the bed pan with the paper towels, something that has been agreed as ethically right and correct practice by Timby (1996) alongside the Department of Health (2003b). Not only is this noted as being best practice within the circumstances yet also practice that would provide a reduction within the chance of spillage, therefore I was showing risk management skills. COULD I HAVE DEALT WITH THE SITUATION BETTER? In hindsight I feel that the confusion I encountered at the time of the incident could have been avoided had I had made myself aware of the wards policies on infection control and barrier nursing at the beginning of my placement. Other than this I think that I handled the situation well by questioning what I was being asked to do, however I wish I had held the knowledge that I have gained through this reflection prior to the experience. If I had then maybe I could have foreseen the situation arising and possibly found a solution to a potential problem instead of being confused by an actual problem. In addition to this one thing that I realize I did not do yet could well have done is to have used alcohol gel after washing my hands. This could have reduced the risk of cross contamination further (RCN 2008) which could have resulted in easing my concerns slightly. LEARNING. Numerous issues still remain with regards to infection control and infection prevention however this experience resulted in my awareness of the subject matter being raised. Prior to this experience I encountered I was unaware of factors that potentially predispose individuals to infection. Disease is not always caused by c diff when it is present in the bowel, it is only when bowel flora is changed from being deemed to be normal that disease occurs. This alteration of normal bowel flora can potentially be caused by specific antibiotics, a claim that has had wide spread support throughout the past twenty plus years (Lyerly et al 1988, McFarland et al 1989, Association of Medical Microbiologists 1998, DH 2007a ). Despite my actions being that of best practice within the specific trusts policy I appreciate that isolating any patient into an individual room of their own so as to decrease the risk of cross contamination. However it has to be considered that c diff spores are never truly eradicated completely from the environment. In compliance with evidence based practice guidelines (2009) I ensured that I washed my hands correctly prior to going into the patients room and also wore protective clothing. I placed two disposable paper towels over the bed pan liner due to my awareness that to get to the macerator I would have to walk down the corridor of the ward. I believe that covers for these cardboard liners should always be supplied and used. However upon searching for such a product I could not find any such thing. This is still not an idealistic solution as the risk of spillage would still remain therefore in an ideal world, as suggested earlier, all patients should have their own toileting facilities. So as to resolve the confusion of opening door handles with gloves that pose the risk of contamination it could be suggested that doors within ward environments be handle free. This would limit the contamination risk however the handle on the macerator would also need to be redesigned so as to enable that t oo to be touch free, from hands at least. This suggestion is something that the Department of Health (2008) could be argued to support due to the fact that they claimed to be researching touch free designs for specific equipment. Hand washing and protective clothing can be deemed to be a priority within the spread of c diff yet from the research and literature reviewed within this assignment it is clear that some confusion is apparent, probably steming from the noted contradictions. This experience of a critical incident enthused reflection as explored by the use of Carpers (1978) methods and ways of knowing, namely personal, ethical, aesthetic and empirical. The thorough acknowledgement of these patterns is claimed to expand not only the bredth of understanding yet also the expansion of personal thinking beyond specific approaches (Ashburner 1996). Upon placing paper towels over the bed pan the patients dignity and privacy was maintained, alongside professionalism being shown. Factors that are not only thoughtful yet also a part of the NMCs code (2008). Throughout the experience I was led by the theoretical knowledge that I had gained throughout the journey of my life. Moral decision making is said to be solely focused upon what should actually be done within a specific scenario or situation (Davis 1995). Prior to my reflection upon this practice I was not fully aware of the rational for my actions and the theory that underpinned it however I acted as I did through, as stated above, my knowledge and moral decision making. Using the reflection model of Johns (1990) guided me through an exploration of numerous and varied differing knowledge sources that led my individual actions. My whole level of understanding and awareness of infection control within healthcare settings has been raised which in turn will heighten my confidence within the subject matter for the future. This assignment has noted differing cultures within ward settings and policies that lead to contradictions and often confusion. Despite this numerous attributes that I personally hold have been credited and become aware to myself; including critical thinking and problem solving which has allowed me to explore a thought process that led to alternatives to current practice being explored. One of arguably the most important realizations I have gained from this reflection upon practice is that healthcare workers within any setting all play a part within infection control. It has been suggested that hand hygiene, namely hand washing, prior to dealing with any patient and again afterwards is at the heart of infection control (Storr et al 2005). Alongside this and the previously mentioned infection control procedures I believe that the policies and their appliance within day to day practice is indeed the key. Despite all my fore mentioned research into this subject I am left wondering and concerned that even if all staff members follow their specific policies, due to confusion within the literature a risk of cross contamination, resulting in the spread of c diff, will still be present.

Fighting For Our Love Ones Essay -- essays research papers

In today’s world, most families have a love one struggling to live with cancer, HIV, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis. Most of us, here in the United States, have watched a love one endure the pain of chemotherapy, uncontrollable muscle spasms, or blindness. Our love ones not only suffer physical pain, but mental anguish as well. Our dying loves ones are at war with our Federal Government. They are fighting for a chance at a better quality of life. They are fighting for the legalization of marijuana for medical use. Until marijuana is legalized for medical use, our love ones are forced to break the law. "†¦my gift to my husband, John Joseph who died last year. At the end of his life, my husband was wracked with pain from lung cancer. Marijuana was one medication that eased his intense pain, and nausea during chemotherapy. But, to get marijuana to help JJ, we had to break the law. †¦my husband’s ability to tolerate chemotherapy after a couple of puffs of marijuana extended his life and improved his quality of life (1)." That was an excerpt from a letter written by Anne Boyce to the voters of California for the passage of Proposition 215. In 1996, Proposition 215 was a proposed legislation in California that makes it legal for doctors to prescribe marijuana to terminally ill patients. Proposition 215 was passed by the voters of California, but patients who use marijuana could still and are prosecuted by our Federal Government. Anne Boyce broke the law in order to obtain marijuana for her dying husband. Anne Boyce, a sixty-seven year old Registered Nurse, is not your typical criminal, now is she? Nevertheless, if Anne Boyce was caught by the law enforcement, she would be punished to the fullest extent of the law. Federally, possession of even one joint carries a maximum penalty of one year in prison (7). Cultivation of even one plant is a felony, with a maximum sentence of five years (7). Is this fair? Anne Boyce and others like her are law-abiding citizens, but they or someone they love are suffering from a grave illness, and legal pharmaceuticals do not ease the pain. So, they are force to break the law. Wouldn’t you do the same for your love one? I know I would. There is a need for a change. "I often drove her to the ho... ...he new millenium, the United States is well equipped with technology to address and to solve these problems. How can we help our love ones deal with the pain and agony of a deadly disease? How can we improve the quality of their lives? The answer is simple. Marijuana has been proven to be therapeutic, to have countless medical benefits, and to be remarkably safe. The medical use of marijuana needs to be legalized. It would be monitored just like any other controlled substance. This solution is easy. Legalizing marijuana would go through the same procedure as the other medically prescribed substance. It is up to us. We, the people of America, need to follow in the footsteps of Anne Boyce as well as the voters of California. We need to write to our Congressmen. Let our Senators and our Representatives know of our wishes, our rights. We need to talk a stand. Follow the advice of a once great President, Thomas Jefferson, who once said "if people let the government decide what foods they eat and what medicines they take, their bodies will soon be as in sorry state as are the souls of those who live under tyranny."

Catcher In The Rye: The Quest For Love :: essays research papers

Catcher In the Rye: The Quest For Love In many novels in J.D. Salinger's library of books, there is a recurring theme of the loss of innocence of children, the falling and the confusions of childhood, and many other ideas that apply to the ideas of adolescence and the life of the average teenager growing up. Many of his themes occur in a short period of time in a child's life that affects him/her in a very profound and significant way. The idea of love is also a major theme that arises in many of his characters and that indicates the character of the individual. He uses love in the context of being a device that is used to protect and to care for people who need protecting and caring. In the novel, Catcher in the Rye, by J. D. Salinger, love is used by a character, Holden Caulfield, who struggles desperately to find a certain somebody or anyone to allocate his love to, but realizes finally, that this love is not necessarily expressed through saving â€Å" the children in the rye† from the time of trial, but actually caring for them and being their friends, during the time of trial. The quest of finding the true love of people is an ongoing dilemma in the lives of many people all throughout the world. The constant need for love is overwhelming, and the tragedy of this great world is the fact that some people do not find the proper love that they deserve. Holden Caulfield is a perfect example of the striving to acquire a love sought all throughout his life. According to this quote, â€Å"He is simply expressing an innocence incapable of genuine hatred. Holden does not suffer from the inability to love, but does despair of finding a place to bestow his love† (Heiserman and Miller 30), Holden Caulfield has the need for allocating his cornucopia of love for people. His quest is very simple. He wants to do good. As compared to tragic heroes in the past, "Holden seeks Virtue second to Love. He wants to be good. When the little children are playing in the rye-field on the cliff top, Holden wants to be the one who catches them before they fall off the cliff. He is not driven toward honor or courage. He is not driven toward the love of woman. Holden is driven toward love of his fellowman...." (Heiserman and Miller 25). In other words, he is not a tragic hero, but rather a misfortuned hero that struggles to find a person to give his love to.

human nature Essay -- essays research papers

What is human nature? It is very simple. Human nature refers to the patterns of behavior that are typical of our species or our kind. Human undergoes change as all humans grow up they nature seems to change; the environment someone grow up in effects that persons nature. To fully understand human nature Dr. Marvin Harris takes us on trip to time, which makes sense because if we better understand our past and our origin we will better understand our very existence and our nature. We will know more about who we are where we are from and such other questions that puzzle the human mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I mentioned before our environment has a great effect on our nature. For example a theory claimed that, the first humans were originated in Africa in the time frame of 115,00...

The Nervous System

Chapter 35 Nervous System MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The basic types of tissue in the human body are a. |cell, organ, and organ system. | b. |sight, smell, and hearing. | c. |thyroid, trachea, adenoid, and bronchus. | d. |muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial. | ANS:DDIF:AREF:p. 894OBJ:35. 1. 1 2. Which system regulates and controls growth, development, and metabolism? a. |endocrine system|c. |integumentary system| b. |lymphatic system|d. |skeletal system| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 893OBJ:35. 1. 1 STO:12. A. 4. b 3. The levels of organization in the body include a. |endocrine, respiratory, digestive, and nervous. b. |cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. | c. |cells, tissues, and functions. | d. |lymphatic, respiratory, and circulatory. | ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 4. How many organ systems make up the human body? a. |4|c. |8| b. |5|d. |11| ANS:DDIF:BREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 5. A group of similar cells that perform a single function is called a(an) a. |nerve. |c. |tissue. | b. |organ. |d. |organ system. | ANS:CDIF:BREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 6. Which type of tissue lines your internal organs? a. |epithelial|c. |nerve| b. |connective|d. |muscle| ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 894OBJ:35. 1. 1 7.Which type of tissue enables a person’s fingers to move as he or she plays the piano? a. |epithelial|c. |nerve| b. |connective|d. |muscle| ANS:DDIF:EREF:p. 894OBJ:35. 1. 1 8. Which type of tissue provides support for the body? a. |epithelial|c. |nerve| b. |connective|d. |muscle| ANS:BDIF:BREF:p. 894OBJ:35. 1. 1 9. The process by which organ systems maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called a. |circulation. |c. |homeostasis. | b. |organization. |d. |teamwork. | ANS:CDIF:BREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 10. Which process enables the body to maintain a stable temperature? a. |heating|c. |feedback inhibition| b. |circulation|d. cellular activity| ANS:CDIF:AREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 11. The level of chemicals in the body that speed up cellular activity is regulated by a. |action potent ial. |c. |the sympathetic nervous system. | b. |feedback inhibition. |d. |the parasympathetic nervous system. | ANS:BDIF:EREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 12. Which system coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment? a. |lymphatic system|c. |excretory system| b. |nervous system|d. |reproductive system| ANS:BDIF:BREF:p. 892, p. 897 OBJ:35. 2. 1STO:12. A. 4. b 13. Neurons are classified by the a. |direction in which they carry impulses. b. |amount of metabolic activity that takes place. | c. |number of dendrites that branch out. | d. |number of impulses that they carry. | ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 1 14. What is the smallest structural and functional unit of the nervous system? a. |nerve|c. |organ| b. |neuron|d. |tissue| ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 1 15. What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the environment? a. |a threshold|c. |an impulse| b. |an action potential|d. |a dendrite| ANS:CDIF:BREF:p. 899OBJ:35. 2. 2 16. What is the function of neurotransmitters? a. |to transmit nerve impulses through dendrites| b. to stimulate the production of epinephrine| c. |to transmit nerve impulses across synapses| d. |none of the above| ANS:CDIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 17. For a neuron to reach an action potential, it must a. |release electrons. | b. |absorb calcium. | c. |reverse the electrical charge across the cell membrane. | d. |take in sodium ions. | ANS:CDIF:EREF:p. 899OBJ:35. 2. 2 Figure 35–1 18. Refer to Figure 35–1. The cell body of a neuron collects information from which structure? a. |A|c. |C| b. |B|d. |E| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 897, p. 898 OBJ:35. 2. 2 19. When an impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of a. neurotransmitters. |c. |dendrites. | b. |sodium ions. |d. |receptors. | ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 20. What is the function of the central nervous system? a. |to relay messages|c. |to analyze information| b. |to process information|d. |all of the above| A NS:DDIF:BREF:p. 901OBJ:35. 3. 1 21. Which of the following is a function of the cerebrum? a. |controls conscious activities of the body| b. |controls heart rate| c. |controls blood pressure| d. |controls breathing| ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 22. The region of the brain that recognizes hunger is the a. |brain stem. |c. |hypothalamus. | b. |medulla oblongata. |d. |thalamus. ANS:CDIF:AREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 23. The ability to move your right hand is controlled by the a. |left hemisphere of the cerebrum. | b. |right hemisphere of the cerebrum. | c. |both the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. | d. |neither hemisphere of the cerebrum. | ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 24. A student’s ability to think about a question and answer it correctly is directly controlled by the a. |brain stem. |c. |medulla. | b. |cerebellum. |d. |cerebrum. | ANS:DDIF:EREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 25. Which division(s) of the peripheral nervous system transmit(s) impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system? . |sensory division|c. |sensory and motor divisions| b. |motor division|d. |spinal cord division| ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 26. Which division of the nervous system controls the ability to dance? a. |somatic|c. |central| b. |autonomic|d. |brain| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 27. The division of the nervous system that helps the body react to pain is the a. |somatic nervous system. |c. |autonomic nervous system. | b. |sensory nervous system. |d. |sympathetic nervous system. | ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 904OBJ:35. 3. 2 28. Sense organs are part of the a. |peripheral nervous system. |c. |autonomic nervous system. | . |central nervous system. |d. |parasympathetic nervous system. | ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 29. What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system? a. |brain and spinal cord|c. |somatic and autonomic| b. |thalamus and hypothalamus|d. |sensory and motor| ANS:DDIF:BREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 30. Which of the following general categories of sensory receptors are located everywhere in the body except the brain? a. |thermoreceptors|c. |photoreceptors| b. |mechanoreceptors|d. |pain receptors| ANS:DDIF:AREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 31. Which general category of sensory receptors detects variations in temperature? . |thermoreceptors|c. |photoreceptors| b. |mechanoreceptors|d. |pain receptors| ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 32. Sensory receptors that are sensitive to chemicals are found in the a. |skin, body core, and hypothalamus. |c. |eyes. | b. |skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears. |d. |nose and taste buds. | ANS:DDIF:EREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 33. Which of the five senses contains two types of photoreceptors called rods and cones? a. |vision|c. |smell| b. |hearing|d. |taste| ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 907OBJ:35. 4. 2 34. In which of the following structures might an infection cause dizziness? a. |semicircular canals|c. |eardrum| . |oval window|d. |cochlea| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 908OBJ:35. 4. 2 Figure 35–2 35. Which labeled structure in Figure 35–2 creates pressure waves in the cochlea? a. |structure A|c. |structure C| b. |structure B|d. |structure D| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 908OBJ:35. 4. 2 36. In Figure 35–2, which labeled structure sends impulses to the brain that enable it to determine body motion and position? a. |structure A|c. |structure C| b. |structure B|d. |structure D| ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 908, p. 909 OBJ:35. 4. 2 37. Which sense relies on the largest sense organ in the body? a. |touch|c. |smell| b. |hearing|d. |taste| ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 09OBJ:35. 4. 2 38. If you did not like the flavor of a certain oral liquid medicine, you could hide much of its taste by a. |closing your eyes. |c. |holding your nose. | b. |covering your ears. |d. |folding your hands together. | ANS:CDIF:EREF:p. 909OBJ:35. 4. 2 39. Drugs that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate are called a. |stimulants. |c. |opiates. | b. |depressants. |d. |alcohol. | ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 910OBJ:35. 5. 1 40. What types of drugs slow down the activity of the central nervous system? a. |stimulants|c. |opiates| b. |depressants|d. |cocaine| ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 911OBJ:35. 5. 1 41.Uncontrollable pain and sickness occur because the body cannot produce enough endorphins when a drug user attempts to stop using a. |opiates. |c. |crack. | b. |cocaine. |d. |marijuana. | ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 911OBJ:35. 5. 1 42. The most widely abused legal drug is a. |marijuana. |c. |amphetamines. | b. |tranquilizers. |d. |alcohol. | ANS:DDIF:BREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 43. What system does alcohol immediately affect? a. |digestive|c. |nervous| b. |circulatory|d. |endocrine| ANS:CDIF:BREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 44. Alcohol does each of the following EXCEPT a. |slow reflexes. |c. |impair judgment. | b. |stimulate heart rate. |d. disrupt coordination. | ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 45. One third of all homicides can be attributed to the effects of a. |alcohol. |c. |crack. | b. |cocaine. |d. |opiates. | ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 MODIFIED TRUE/FAL SE 1. There are four levels of organization in the human body: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. _________________________ ANS:TDIF:AREF:p. 891 OBJ:35. 1. 1 2. A group of similar cells that perform a single function is called a(an) organ. _________________________ ANS:F, tissue DIF:BREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 3. The hypothalamus is to your body as the thermostat is to the internal environment of a house. ________________________ ANS:TDIF:EREF:p. 896 OBJ:35. 1. 2 4. Spreading out from the cell body of a neuron are short, branched extensions called axons. _________________________ ANS:F, dendrites DIF:BREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 1 5. The propagation of an action potential is slower in myelinated axons than in axons that lack a myelin sheath. _________________________ ANS:F, faster DIF:EREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 2 6. The largest and most prominent region of the human brain that is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body is the cerebellum. _________________________ ANS:F, cerebrumDIF:BREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 7. The brain and spinal cord can withstand considerable trauma due to the meninges acting as a shock absorber. ______________________________ ANS:F, cerebrospinal fluid DIF:AREF:p. 901OBJ:35. 3. 1 8. If you accidentally step on a tack with your bare foot, the pathway that the nerve impulse takes from your foot to your leg is called a reflex arc. _________________________ ANS:TDIF:BREF:p. 904 OBJ:35. 3. 2 9. The autonomic nervous system is part of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system. _________________________ ANS:TDIF:AREF:p. 904 OBJ:35. 3. 2 10.Chemoreceptors are associated with the sense of smell and touch. _________________________ ANS:F, taste DIF:AREF:p. 909OBJ:35. 4. 1 11. Rods respond to light of different colors, producing color vision. ____________________ ANS:F, Cones DIF:EREF:p. 907OBJ:35. 4. 2 12. A person with a relatively small number of cones in the retinas may have trouble distinguishing colors. _____________ ____________ ANS:TDIF:EREF:p. 907 OBJ:35. 4. 2 13. The cochlea and the two tiny sacs located behind it help the body maintain its equilibrium. ______________________________ ANS:F, semicircular canals DIF:EREF:p. 908OBJ:35. 4. 2 14.Addiction can be defined as intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes. _________________________ ANS:F, Drug abuse DIF:AREF:p. 914OBJ:35. 5. 1 15. About 40 percent of the fatal accidents that occur on Americans highways involve the drug alcohol. _________________________ ANS:TDIF:BREF:p. 912 OBJ:35. 5. 2 COMPLETION 1. Your skin, hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands make up your _________________________ system. ANS:integumentary DIF:EREF:p. 892OBJ:35. 1. 1STO:12. A. 4. b 2. Neurons are classified into three types according to the ____________________ the impulse travels. ANS:direction DIF:AREF:p. 97OBJ:35. 2. 1 3. The process by which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus is called ____________________ inhibition. ANS:feedback DIF:BREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 4. ____________________ is the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. ANS:Homeostasis DIF:AREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 5. In most animals, axons and dendrites are clustered into bundles of fibers called ____________________. ANS:nerves DIF:AREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 1 6. Sensory neurons and motor neurons are connected by ____________________, which carry impulses between them. ANS:interneuronsDIF:BREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 1 7. The myelin sheath that surrounds a single long axon leaves many gaps, called ____________________, where the axon membrane is exposed. ANS:nodes DIF:AREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 1 8. The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron is its resting ____________________. ANS:potential DIF:AREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 2 9. The two major divisions of the human nervous system are the central and the ____________________ nervous systems. ANS:peripheral DIF:BREF:p. 901OBJ:35. 3. 1 Fig ure 35–3 10. The process illustrated in Figure 35–3 is called a(an) ____________________.ANS:reflex arc DIF:EREF:p. 904OBJ:35. 3. 2 11. The turning of your head is controlled by the ____________________ nervous system, which is part of the peripheral nervous system’s motor division. ANS:somatic DIF:EREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 12. Sensory receptors called _________________________ are found in the skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears and are sensitive to touch, pressure, stretching of muscles, sound, and motion. ANS:mechanoreceptors DIF:BREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 13. Small muscles attached to the ____________________ of your eye change its shape to help you focus on near or distant objects.ANS:lens DIF:EREF:p. 907OBJ:35. 4. 2 14. The class of drugs called ____________________ mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of pain. ANS:opiates DIF:EREF:p. 911OBJ:35. 5. 1 15. Cirrhosis of the liver is a possible resu lt of the long-term use of ____________________. ANS:alcohol DIF:BREF:p. 913OBJ:35. 5. 2STO:11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare and contrast tissues and organs. ANS: A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a single function. An organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a complex function.DIF:AREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 2. What is homeostasis? ANS: Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments. DIF:BREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 3. How can the nervous system help a person run without falling? Explain. ANS: Balance is necessary for running. Portions of the nervous system, along with the sense organs, can interpret a person’s balance and make minor corrections to make sure the person will not fall. DIF:EREF:p. 908OBJ:35. 4. 1 4. Distinguish between the functions of dendrites and axons.ANS: Dendrites and axons are parts of a neuron. Dendrites carry impulses from the e nvironment or from other neurons toward the cell body. Axons carry impulses away from the cell body. DIF:BREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 2 5. At what location does a neuron transfer an impulse to another cell? ANS: the synapse DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 Figure 35–1 6. Identify the structure and its labeled parts illustrated in Figure 35–1. ANS: neuron; (A) dendrite; (B) cell body; (C) axon; (D) myelin sheath; (E) nucleus DIF:EREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 2 7. What are the major regions of the brain? ANS:The major regions of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the brain stem, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. DIF:BREF:p. 901, p. 902, p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 8. How is the spinal cord like a major telephone line? ANS: The spinal cord is the main communications link between the brain and the rest of the body, transmitting information, just as a telephone line carries many calls at once. DIF:AREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 9. Why is a severe injury to the brain stem usually fatal? ANS: The bra in stem controls some of the body’s most important functions, including breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing.These involuntary processes are essential to life, so the disruption of any of these processes can cause death. DIF:EREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 10. What is a motor neuron? ANS: A motor neuron carries impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands. DIF:EREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 1 11. How is a pain in your toe perceived by sensory receptors? Why is it important for your body to sense this pain? ANS: Pain receptors respond to chemicals released by the damaged cells in your toes, which may indicate danger, injury, or disease. DIF:EREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 12. Identify the five main senses. ANS:The five main senses are vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. DIF:BREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 2 13. Compare and contrast the functions of rods and cones. ANS: Both rods and cones are photoreceptors in the retina. Rods are sensitive to light but do not distingu ish colors. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but cones respond to light of different colors. DIF:AREF:p. 907OBJ:35. 4. 2 14. How do opiates help people overcome sensations of pain? ANS: Opiates mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of pain. DIF:BREF:p. 911OBJ:35. 5. 1 15.What are the cause and effect of fetal alcohol syndrome? ANS: Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by consuming alcohol while pregnant. The effect of this syndrome is a range of birth defects in the baby, such as heart defect, malformed face, delayed growth, and poor motor development. DIF:AREF:p. 913OBJ:35. 5. 2STO:11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b OTHER USING SCIENCE SKILLS This diagram shows the structure of a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of a neighboring neuron. Figure 35–4 1. Applying Concepts In Figure 35–4, which structures release neurotransmitters? ANS: vesicles DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2. Interpreting Gr aphics In Figure 35–4, into what area do the neurotransmitters diffuse? ANS: synaptic cleft DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 3. Predicting Referring to Figure 35–4, predict the direction of the impulse. ANS: The impulse will travel from the axon to the dendrite of the adjacent neuron. DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 4. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 35–4, after the neurotransmitters are released from the cell surface, what happens to the neurotransmitters? ANS: The neurotransmitters may be broken down by enzymes, or taken up and recycled by the axon terminal. DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 5.Applying Concepts If the axon in Figure 35–4 is part of a motor neuron, to what cells are the impulses being passed? ANS: muscle cells and glands DIF:AREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 2 USING SCIENCE SKILLS Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is a measure of the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream. The following graphs illustrate how many alcoholic drinks consumed in one hour result in different levels of BAC in individuals of different masses. In some states, an adult driving with a BAC of 0. 08% or higher is considered to be legally drunk. Figure 35–5 6. Using Tables and Graphs You have a mass of 45 kg and have had one drink.According to Figure 35–5, how long would it take for your BAC to drop to 0. 04% or lower? ANS: one hour DIF:EREF:p. 912, p. 913OBJ:35. 5. 2 STO:11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b 7. Using Tables and Graphs You are a 48-kg adult and have had four drinks in an hour. According to Figure 35–5, could you drive legally after three hours? ANS: no DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 8. Interpreting Graphics Based on Figure 35–5, how is the mass of an individual related to BAC levels? ANS: Individuals with more mass can consume more alcoholic drinks in the same period of time and have a lower BAC than individuals with less mass.DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 9. Interpreting Graphics A 40-kg person and a 50-kg person each drink 4 drinks in 4 h ours. Do they have the same BAC? ANS: No. The 40-kg person has a BAC of 0. 10% or higher, whereas the 50-kg person has a BAC of 0. 05% to 0. 09%. DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 10. Applying Concepts A 58-kg person has two cocktails just before dinner and a glass of wine with dinner 30 minutes later. According to Figure 35–5, how long would the individual be in the â€Å"Definitely illegal† category? ANS: one hour DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 USING SCIENCE SKILLS Figure 35–6 11.Interpreting Graphics What is the name of structure C in Figure 35–6? ANS: spinal cord DIF:BREF:p. 901, p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 12. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 35–6, which structure is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body? ANS: structure A, the cerebrum DIF:BREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 13. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 35–6, which structure is the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature? ANS: hypothalamus DIF:BREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 14. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 35–6, which structure is the cerebellum?ANS: structure B DIF:BREF:p. 901, p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 15. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 35–6, what two regions of the brain stem act as neural â€Å"switchboards,† regulating the flow of information between the brain and the rest of the body? ANS: medulla oblongata and pons DIF:BREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 ESSAY 1. How are the cells of the human body similar to individuals in a society that work in groups to accomplish shared goals? ANS: Every cell in the human body is both an independent unit and an interdependent part of a larger community—the entire organism.Similarly, each individual in a society can survive independently, but it is also necessary to form interdependent groups to accomplish certain goals. DIF:EREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 2. Name six of the body’s systems and describe their functions. ANS: Answer sh ould include six of the following systems. The nervous system coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment. The integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation. The muscular system works with the skeletal system to provide voluntary movement and helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system. The circulatory system brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; and helps regulate body temperature. The respiratory system provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body.The digestive system converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body. The excretory system eliminates waste products from the body. The endocrine system controls growth, development, and metabolism. The reproductive system produces reproductive cells and, in the female, nurtures and protects the developing embryo. The lymphatic system helps protect the body from disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessels, and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. DIF:EREF:p. 892, p. 893OBJ:35. 1. 1 STO:12. A. 4. b 3.Based on the process of feedback inhibition, explain how your body maintains a relatively constant temperature. ANS: The hypothalamus contains nerve cells that monitor both the temperature of your skin at the surface of the body and the temperature of organs in the body’s core. When these nerve cells sense that the body’s temperature is lower than normal, the hypothalamus produces chemicals that signal cells throughout the body to speed up their activities. Heat produced by this increase in cellular activity causes a gr adual rise in body temperature, which is detected by the nerve cells in the hypothalamus.This feedback inhibits the production of chemicals that speed up cellular activity and keeps body temperature from rising to a dangerous level. If your body temperature rises too far above normal, the hypothalamus slows down cellular activities, minimizing the production of heat. DIF:EREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 4. Compare resting potential and action potential in a neuron. ANS: The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron is the resting potential. Once an impulse begins, positive ions rush across the cell membrane, reversing the charge difference.The inside of the membrane gains a positive charge, and the outside of the membrane gains a negative charge. This rapid reversal of charges is called the action potential. As the impulse passes, the positively charged ions flow out of the cell, and the resting potential of the membrane is reestablished. DIF:AREF:p. 898, p . 899OBJ:35. 2. 2 5. What is the function of each of the main regions of the brain? ANS: The cerebrum controls voluntary activities, intelligence, learning, and judgment. The cerebellum controls coordination and balance.The brain stem controls blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing. The thalamus receives messages from the sense organs. The hypothalamus recognizes sensations of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature. DIF:AREF:p. 902, p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 6. Compare the effects of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. ANS: The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system each release different neurotransmitters that have opposite effects on the same organ system, which helps the body maintain homeostasis.When the sympathetic system speeds up an activity, the parasympathetic system slows down the same activity. For example, heart rate is increased by the sympathetic nervous system, but decrease d by the parasympathetic nervous system. DIF:AREF:p. 904OBJ:35. 3. 2 7. What are the five general categories of sensory receptors? Where are they located in the body? ANS: The five general categories are pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. Pain receptors are throughout the body except in the brain.Thermoreceptors are located in the skin, body core, and hypothalamus. Mechanoreceptors are found in skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears. Chemoreceptors are found in the nose and taste buds. Photoreceptors are found in the eyes. DIF:AREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 8. How would you design an experiment to show that much of what people actually taste in food depends on their sense of smell? ANS: Students’ experiments may include having someone taste different types of foods that have specific tastes and smells, and then having the person taste them with his or her eyes shut and nose held closed.Students should determine if the person can id entify the food that he or she tasted without the use of sight and smell, and record observations and draw conclusions. DIF:EREF:p. 909OBJ:35. 4. 2 9. People who have to drive long distances sometimes take stimulants. How might this practice be dangerous? ANS: Stimulants increase the release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain, which then leads to a feeling of energy and well-being. However, when the effects of the stimulants wear off, the brain’s supply of neurotransmitters has been depleted.The user quickly falls into fatigue and depression, which can impair the person’s ability to drive and could lead to accidents. DIF:AREF:p. 910OBJ:35. 5. 1 10. In the Designated Driver Program, one person in a group agrees to be the driver and not to drink any alcohol. Why is this program important? ANS: By decreasing the number of drunk drivers on the road, you decrease your chances of being involved in such an accident. If more people were involved in the Designat ed Driver Program, fewer people would be in danger of being involved in a fatal accident. DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2